Table 1. Characteristics of included... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Study	Indication	Setting	Follow-up period	Intervention	Control	Outcome and description
Clark et al,¹⁷ 1972	Patients discharged on warfarin	Outpatient	24-72 h after receiving educational materials	Educational program instruction booklet consisting of 5 sections, including action and indication for use of drug, laboratory testing, calculation of dose, factors altering effect of drug, and safety factors	Group 1 received programmed instruction booklets; groups 2 and 3 (control groups) received 2-page handout information sheet and no specific printed or verbal instruction	Knowledge*; knowledge of drug use (15-item quiz to assess objective understanding of drug use)
Clarkesmith et al,²⁰ 2013	AF	Outpatient	3, 6, and 12 mo†	TREAT intervention: disease-specific theory-driven educational intervention; patients attended group sessions lasting 1 h with DVD information about need for and risks and benefits of OACs, potential interactions with food and drugs, and importance of INR control	All patients received standard booklet to identify them as receiving OAC treatment; general topics included disease information and key safety information, including dietary advice	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; beliefs about medication, anxiety and depression scale (HADS), illness representations, and health-related quality of life
Desteghe et al,¹⁵ 2018	AF	Inpatient and outpatient	1, 3, 6, and 12 mo*	After completion of JAKQ, study team went through responses and further explained incorrect responses; no additional educational materials were used	Patients received standard care with no extra focused reinforcements, and only changes in knowledge score were monitored	Knowledge*; atrial fibrillation knowledge assessment (JAKQ), symptom burden (using the Leuven ARrhythmia Questionnaire), quality of life, and DOAC adherence
Gadisseur et al,¹⁴ 2003	Patients requiring long-term OACs (including AF and DVT)	Outpatient	6 mo	Training consisted of 3 weekly sessions of 90-120 min; information about diet, disease, dosing, and training on Coagucheck system was given	Routine care, untrained patients	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; percentage of all INR values within TTR per patient based on linear interpolation
Laporte et al,¹³ 2003	VTE and embolic cardiomyopathy	Inpatient	3 mo	Daily visits by nurses and physicians and education given until hospital discharge; intensive education group had emphasis on necessity of strictly complying with information on maintaining anticoagulation stability and additional visual material	Standard education composed of minimum information consistent with ethical management of OAC patients, with no particular emphasis on compliance or specific information about causes of OAC instability	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; INR stability and compliance
Marini et al,²⁵ 2014	VTE	Inpatient	24-48 h after randomization	5-min educational video was shown on tablet device after study admission	All patients also received unrestricted VTE education as deemed appropriate by health care team	Knowledge*; satisfaction with VTE education and perception of overall health care system
Mazor et al,¹⁶ 2007	Adult patients receiving care from anticoagulation clinic	Outpatient	Testing 3 wk after baseline questionnaire	Random assignment to 1 of 4 groups: (1) narrative evidence video, (2) statistical evidence video, and (3) combined narrative plus statistical evidence video or (4) usual care; videos showed physician-patient encounters about oral anticoagulant medication and included narrative or statistical evidence to support recommendations	Usual care group received no video	Knowledge*; beliefs, adherence (warfarin-related knowledge included belief in importance of laboratory tests, benefit of warfarin, regimen confusion, intent to adhere, nonadherence, and missed laboratory appointments)
Pernod et al,²¹ 2008	DVT or PE	Outpatient	3 mo	Tailored educational intervention (20-30 min) consisting of 1-on-1 teaching; patients were given picture book describing their disease and treatment	Physicians provided patients with usual unstructured information about VKA treatment and standard booklet published by French Heart Association	Bleeding,* knowledge,* mortality,* TEEs,* and VTE*
Vormfelde et al,²³ 2014	VTE, PE, AF, or mechanical heart valve	Outpatient	6 mo	1-h standardized patient education; information on 13 topics pertaining to OACs with phenprocoumon and 20-min video presentation followed by discussion and 8-page brochure and corresponding questionnaire	Knowledge assessments only, without standardized patient education	Knowledge* and TTR*

Study	Indication	Setting	Follow-up period	Intervention	Control	Outcome and description
Clark et al,¹⁷ 1972	Patients discharged on warfarin	Outpatient	24-72 h after receiving educational materials	Educational program instruction booklet consisting of 5 sections, including action and indication for use of drug, laboratory testing, calculation of dose, factors altering effect of drug, and safety factors	Group 1 received programmed instruction booklets; groups 2 and 3 (control groups) received 2-page handout information sheet and no specific printed or verbal instruction	Knowledge*; knowledge of drug use (15-item quiz to assess objective understanding of drug use)
Clarkesmith et al,²⁰ 2013	AF	Outpatient	3, 6, and 12 mo†	TREAT intervention: disease-specific theory-driven educational intervention; patients attended group sessions lasting 1 h with DVD information about need for and risks and benefits of OACs, potential interactions with food and drugs, and importance of INR control	All patients received standard booklet to identify them as receiving OAC treatment; general topics included disease information and key safety information, including dietary advice	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; beliefs about medication, anxiety and depression scale (HADS), illness representations, and health-related quality of life
Desteghe et al,¹⁵ 2018	AF	Inpatient and outpatient	1, 3, 6, and 12 mo*	After completion of JAKQ, study team went through responses and further explained incorrect responses; no additional educational materials were used	Patients received standard care with no extra focused reinforcements, and only changes in knowledge score were monitored	Knowledge*; atrial fibrillation knowledge assessment (JAKQ), symptom burden (using the Leuven ARrhythmia Questionnaire), quality of life, and DOAC adherence
Gadisseur et al,¹⁴ 2003	Patients requiring long-term OACs (including AF and DVT)	Outpatient	6 mo	Training consisted of 3 weekly sessions of 90-120 min; information about diet, disease, dosing, and training on Coagucheck system was given	Routine care, untrained patients	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; percentage of all INR values within TTR per patient based on linear interpolation
Laporte et al,¹³ 2003	VTE and embolic cardiomyopathy	Inpatient	3 mo	Daily visits by nurses and physicians and education given until hospital discharge; intensive education group had emphasis on necessity of strictly complying with information on maintaining anticoagulation stability and additional visual material	Standard education composed of minimum information consistent with ethical management of OAC patients, with no particular emphasis on compliance or specific information about causes of OAC instability	Bleeding,* mortality,* TEEs,* TTR,* and VTE*; INR stability and compliance
Marini et al,²⁵ 2014	VTE	Inpatient	24-48 h after randomization	5-min educational video was shown on tablet device after study admission	All patients also received unrestricted VTE education as deemed appropriate by health care team	Knowledge*; satisfaction with VTE education and perception of overall health care system
Mazor et al,¹⁶ 2007	Adult patients receiving care from anticoagulation clinic	Outpatient	Testing 3 wk after baseline questionnaire	Random assignment to 1 of 4 groups: (1) narrative evidence video, (2) statistical evidence video, and (3) combined narrative plus statistical evidence video or (4) usual care; videos showed physician-patient encounters about oral anticoagulant medication and included narrative or statistical evidence to support recommendations	Usual care group received no video	Knowledge*; beliefs, adherence (warfarin-related knowledge included belief in importance of laboratory tests, benefit of warfarin, regimen confusion, intent to adhere, nonadherence, and missed laboratory appointments)
Pernod et al,²¹ 2008	DVT or PE	Outpatient	3 mo	Tailored educational intervention (20-30 min) consisting of 1-on-1 teaching; patients were given picture book describing their disease and treatment	Physicians provided patients with usual unstructured information about VKA treatment and standard booklet published by French Heart Association	Bleeding,* knowledge,* mortality,* TEEs,* and VTE*
Vormfelde et al,²³ 2014	VTE, PE, AF, or mechanical heart valve	Outpatient	6 mo	1-h standardized patient education; information on 13 topics pertaining to OACs with phenprocoumon and 20-min video presentation followed by discussion and 8-page brochure and corresponding questionnaire	Knowledge assessments only, without standardized patient education	Knowledge* and TTR*

HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; JAKQ, Jessa Atrial Fibrillation Knowledge Questionnaire.

Outcome evaluated in meta-analysis.

Six-month follow-up time point was used in meta-analysis.