Blood tests: complete blood count, liver profile, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, ferritin if transfused, calcium metabolism including vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, parvovirus B19 serology until positive, and irregular antibody screening; urine test: microalbuminuria. Adapted from de Montalembert et al³⁸  with permission.

MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Begin at 6 years of age in children with hemoglobin SC disease.

One systematic screening after age 6 years, and then every 1 to 3 years, depending on the clinical context.