Effect of altitude on the plasma levels of hemostasis variables and markers of platelet, endothelial cell, stress, and inflammatory responses in HAPs and SLPs and their strength of association with HA-VTE
| . | HAPs (n = 53), n (%) . | SLPs (n = 45), n (%) . | RA (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematology | ||||
| Hb (>16.98 mg/dL) | 12 (22.64) | 4 (8.89) | 2.55 (0.88-7.35) | .099 |
| RBCs (>5.94 × 1012/L) | 6 (11.32) | 4 (8.89) | 1.27 (0.38-4.23) | .749 |
| Platelets (>278 × 109/L) | 21 (39.62) | 4 (8.89) | 4.46 (1.65-12.03) | .0005 |
| Total leukocytes (>8.24 × 109/L) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.80-6.83) | .159 |
| Lipid profile, mg/dL | ||||
| Total cholesterol (>260.80) | 2 (3.77) | 4 (8.89) | 0.42 (0.08-2.21) | .409 |
| Triglycerides (>385.40) | 3 (5.66) | 4 (8.89) | 0.64 (0.17-2.43) | .699 |
| High-density lipoprotein (<29.20) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.33-3.48) | >.9999 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (>129.60) | 8 (15.09) | 4 (8.89) | 1.70 (0.58-5.06) | .538 |
| Coagulation profile | ||||
| Prothrombin time (<13.26 s) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.85-6.63) | .159 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (<35.50 s) | 2 (3.77) | 3 (6.67) | 0.57 (0.10-3.24) | .659 |
| Thrombin time (<18.20 s) | 11 (20.75) | 3 (6.67) | 3.11 (1.01-9.98) | .079 |
| Fibrinogen (>356.40 mg/dL) | 12 (22.64) | 4 (8.89) | 2.55 (0.88-7.35) | .099 |
| D-dimer (>1.10 mg/L) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.13-8.19) | .035 |
| VWF antigen (>163%) | 15 (28.30) | 4 (8.89) | 3.18 (1.22-8.71) | .021 |
| TAT complex (>0.19 ng/mL) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.13-8.19) | .035 |
| PAP complex (>0.41 ng/mL) | 19 (35.85) | 4 (8.89) | 4.03 (1.59-10.79) | .002 |
| Thrombophilia profile, % | ||||
| Protein C (<19.60) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.33–3.49) | >.999 |
| Protein S (<26.60) | 10 (18.87) | 4 (8.89) | 2.12 (0.76-6.10) | .247 |
| Antithrombin III (<45.80) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.50-4.54) | .541 |
| Factor V (>137) | 15 (28.30) | 4 (8.89) | 3.18 (1.22-8.71) | .021 |
| Factor VII (>129.40) | 22 (41.51) | 4 (8.89) | 4.67 (1.87-12.35) | .0002 |
| Factor VIII (>131.20) | 28 (52.83) | 4 (8.89) | 5.94 (2.44-15.48) | <.0001 |
| Factor X (>140.40) | 19 (35.85) | 4 (8.89) | 4.03 (1.59-10.79) | .002 |
| Activated protein C resistance (positive) | 0 | 2 (4.44) | 0 (0-1.59) | .208 |
| Lupus anticoagulant deficiency (positive) | 22 (41.51) | 17 (37.78) | 1.10 (0.68-1.81) | .836 |
| Platelet activation molecules, ng/mL | ||||
| CD40L (>7.39) | 40 (75.47) | 5 (11.11) | 6.79 (3.15-15.78) | <.0001 |
| P-selectin (>103.60) | 18 (33.96) | 4 (8.89) | 3.82 (1.50-10.27) | .003 |
| PF4 (>58.04) | 42 (79.25) | 4 (8.89) | 8.92 (3.77-22.76) | <.0001 |
| Endothelial cell activation molecules, ng/mL | ||||
| ICAM1 (>47.01) | 29 (54.72) | 4 (8.89) | 6.16 (2.53-16) | <.0001 |
| VCAM1 (>23.32) | 45 (84.91) | 4 (8.89) | 9.55 (4.06-24.32) | <.0001 |
| VEGF (>16.79) | 24 (45.28) | 4 (8.89) | 5.09 (2.06-13.40) | <.0001 |
| FLT4/VEGFR3 (>65.75) | 46 (86.79) | 4 (8.89) | 9.76 (4.15-24.84) | <.0001 |
| TLR2 (>7.86) | 50 (94.34) | 4 (8.89) | 10.61 (4.54-26.92) | <.0001 |
| E-selectin (>1452) | 18 (33.96) | 4 (8.89) | 3.82 (1.50-10.27) | .003 |
| Stress molecules | ||||
| HIF-1α (>1.50-fold) | 45 (84.9) | 4 (8.89) | 9.55 (4.06-24.32) | <.0001 |
| HSP70 (>9.96 ng/mL) | 49 (92.5) | 4 (8.89) | 10.40 (4.44-26.40) | <.0001 |
| Cytokines and chemokines, ng/mL | ||||
| Interleukin-1α (>1.12) | 4 (7.55) | 3 (6.67) | 1.13 (0.27-4.79) | >.999 |
| Interleukin-1β (>9.26) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.40) | .035 |
| Interleukin-4 (<0.50) | 1 (1.92) | 4 (8.89) | 0.22 (0.03-1.87) | .179 |
| Interleukin-6 (>0.23) | 12 (22.64) | 3 (6.67) | 3.40 (1.02-11.29) | .047 |
| Interleukin-8 (>6.52) | 4 (7.55) | 4 (8.89) | 0.85 (0.23-3.20) | >.999 |
| Interleukin-10 (<1.95) | 0 | 4 (8.89) | 0 (0-0.79) | .041 |
| Interleukin-12p70 (>0.39) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Interleukin-13 (<0.19) | 3 (5.66) | 4 (8.89) | 0.64 (0.15-2.70) | .699 |
| Interleukin-17A (>0.68) | 9 (16.98) | 4 (8.89) | 1.91 (0.63-5.79) | .371 |
| Interferon-α (>0.42) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.46-4.75) | .541 |
| Interferon-γ (>14.70) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.85-6.63) | .159 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (>1.18) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Latency associated protein (<20.65) | 4 (7.55) | 4 (8.89) | 0.85 (0.23-3.20) | >.999 |
| Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (>0.54) | 10 (18.87) | 4 (8.89) | 2.12 (0.71-6.31) | .247 |
| Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (>0.60) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.46-4.75) | .541 |
| Interferon-γ–induced protein-10 (>0.24) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (>2.04) | 9 (16.98) | 4 (8.89) | 1.91 (0.63-5.79) | .371 |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (>3.33 ng/mL) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.30–3.72) | >.999 |
| . | HAPs (n = 53), n (%) . | SLPs (n = 45), n (%) . | RA (95% CI) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematology | ||||
| Hb (>16.98 mg/dL) | 12 (22.64) | 4 (8.89) | 2.55 (0.88-7.35) | .099 |
| RBCs (>5.94 × 1012/L) | 6 (11.32) | 4 (8.89) | 1.27 (0.38-4.23) | .749 |
| Platelets (>278 × 109/L) | 21 (39.62) | 4 (8.89) | 4.46 (1.65-12.03) | .0005 |
| Total leukocytes (>8.24 × 109/L) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.80-6.83) | .159 |
| Lipid profile, mg/dL | ||||
| Total cholesterol (>260.80) | 2 (3.77) | 4 (8.89) | 0.42 (0.08-2.21) | .409 |
| Triglycerides (>385.40) | 3 (5.66) | 4 (8.89) | 0.64 (0.17-2.43) | .699 |
| High-density lipoprotein (<29.20) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.33-3.48) | >.9999 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (>129.60) | 8 (15.09) | 4 (8.89) | 1.70 (0.58-5.06) | .538 |
| Coagulation profile | ||||
| Prothrombin time (<13.26 s) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.85-6.63) | .159 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (<35.50 s) | 2 (3.77) | 3 (6.67) | 0.57 (0.10-3.24) | .659 |
| Thrombin time (<18.20 s) | 11 (20.75) | 3 (6.67) | 3.11 (1.01-9.98) | .079 |
| Fibrinogen (>356.40 mg/dL) | 12 (22.64) | 4 (8.89) | 2.55 (0.88-7.35) | .099 |
| D-dimer (>1.10 mg/L) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.13-8.19) | .035 |
| VWF antigen (>163%) | 15 (28.30) | 4 (8.89) | 3.18 (1.22-8.71) | .021 |
| TAT complex (>0.19 ng/mL) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.13-8.19) | .035 |
| PAP complex (>0.41 ng/mL) | 19 (35.85) | 4 (8.89) | 4.03 (1.59-10.79) | .002 |
| Thrombophilia profile, % | ||||
| Protein C (<19.60) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.33–3.49) | >.999 |
| Protein S (<26.60) | 10 (18.87) | 4 (8.89) | 2.12 (0.76-6.10) | .247 |
| Antithrombin III (<45.80) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.50-4.54) | .541 |
| Factor V (>137) | 15 (28.30) | 4 (8.89) | 3.18 (1.22-8.71) | .021 |
| Factor VII (>129.40) | 22 (41.51) | 4 (8.89) | 4.67 (1.87-12.35) | .0002 |
| Factor VIII (>131.20) | 28 (52.83) | 4 (8.89) | 5.94 (2.44-15.48) | <.0001 |
| Factor X (>140.40) | 19 (35.85) | 4 (8.89) | 4.03 (1.59-10.79) | .002 |
| Activated protein C resistance (positive) | 0 | 2 (4.44) | 0 (0-1.59) | .208 |
| Lupus anticoagulant deficiency (positive) | 22 (41.51) | 17 (37.78) | 1.10 (0.68-1.81) | .836 |
| Platelet activation molecules, ng/mL | ||||
| CD40L (>7.39) | 40 (75.47) | 5 (11.11) | 6.79 (3.15-15.78) | <.0001 |
| P-selectin (>103.60) | 18 (33.96) | 4 (8.89) | 3.82 (1.50-10.27) | .003 |
| PF4 (>58.04) | 42 (79.25) | 4 (8.89) | 8.92 (3.77-22.76) | <.0001 |
| Endothelial cell activation molecules, ng/mL | ||||
| ICAM1 (>47.01) | 29 (54.72) | 4 (8.89) | 6.16 (2.53-16) | <.0001 |
| VCAM1 (>23.32) | 45 (84.91) | 4 (8.89) | 9.55 (4.06-24.32) | <.0001 |
| VEGF (>16.79) | 24 (45.28) | 4 (8.89) | 5.09 (2.06-13.40) | <.0001 |
| FLT4/VEGFR3 (>65.75) | 46 (86.79) | 4 (8.89) | 9.76 (4.15-24.84) | <.0001 |
| TLR2 (>7.86) | 50 (94.34) | 4 (8.89) | 10.61 (4.54-26.92) | <.0001 |
| E-selectin (>1452) | 18 (33.96) | 4 (8.89) | 3.82 (1.50-10.27) | .003 |
| Stress molecules | ||||
| HIF-1α (>1.50-fold) | 45 (84.9) | 4 (8.89) | 9.55 (4.06-24.32) | <.0001 |
| HSP70 (>9.96 ng/mL) | 49 (92.5) | 4 (8.89) | 10.40 (4.44-26.40) | <.0001 |
| Cytokines and chemokines, ng/mL | ||||
| Interleukin-1α (>1.12) | 4 (7.55) | 3 (6.67) | 1.13 (0.27-4.79) | >.999 |
| Interleukin-1β (>9.26) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.40) | .035 |
| Interleukin-4 (<0.50) | 1 (1.92) | 4 (8.89) | 0.22 (0.03-1.87) | .179 |
| Interleukin-6 (>0.23) | 12 (22.64) | 3 (6.67) | 3.40 (1.02-11.29) | .047 |
| Interleukin-8 (>6.52) | 4 (7.55) | 4 (8.89) | 0.85 (0.23-3.20) | >.999 |
| Interleukin-10 (<1.95) | 0 | 4 (8.89) | 0 (0-0.79) | .041 |
| Interleukin-12p70 (>0.39) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Interleukin-13 (<0.19) | 3 (5.66) | 4 (8.89) | 0.64 (0.15-2.70) | .699 |
| Interleukin-17A (>0.68) | 9 (16.98) | 4 (8.89) | 1.91 (0.63-5.79) | .371 |
| Interferon-α (>0.42) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.46-4.75) | .541 |
| Interferon-γ (>14.70) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (8.89) | 2.34 (0.85-6.63) | .159 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (>1.18) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Latency associated protein (<20.65) | 4 (7.55) | 4 (8.89) | 0.85 (0.23-3.20) | >.999 |
| Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (>0.54) | 10 (18.87) | 4 (8.89) | 2.12 (0.71-6.31) | .247 |
| Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (>0.60) | 7 (13.21) | 4 (8.89) | 1.49 (0.46-4.75) | .541 |
| Interferon-γ–induced protein-10 (>0.24) | 14 (26.42) | 4 (8.89) | 2.97 (1.05-8.39) | .035 |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (>2.04) | 9 (16.98) | 4 (8.89) | 1.91 (0.63-5.79) | .371 |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (>3.33 ng/mL) | 5 (9.43) | 4 (8.89) | 1.06 (0.30–3.72) | >.999 |