List of genes up-regulated in ECs from dll4+/− compared with wild-type retinas verified by ISH or immunohistochemistry
| Gene name . | Protein name . | Fold change . | Method . | Expression in WT retinas . | Expression in dll4+/− retinas . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECM/BM molecules | |||||
| NID1 | Nidogen-1 | 4.26 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched and plexus | Vascular plexus higher than in WT |
| IHC | All vessels | All vessels | |||
| NID2 | Nidogen-2 | 5.49 | ISH | Vascular front enriched | Vascular front and plexus |
| PLAUR | uPAR | 5.23 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| LOXL2 | Lysyl oxidase-like 2 | 3.15 | |||
| TGFBI | TGF-β–induced | 7.63 | ISH | Veins | Veins, signal stronger than in WT |
| ITGB1 | Integrinβ1 | 4.02 | IHC | Tip cells and plexus | Tip cells and plexus |
| LAMB1 | Lamininb1 | 5.44 | |||
| Secreted molecules | |||||
| APLN | Apelin | 3.72 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| ESM1 | Endothelial-specific molecule 1 | 11.07 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| IHC | Tip cells/stalk cells | Tip cells and plexus | |||
| ANGPT2 | Angiopoietin-2 | 4.64 | ISH | Tip cells | Tip cells |
| IGFBP3 | Insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-3 | 4.08 | IHC | Vascular front | Vascular front and plexus |
| GMFG | Glia maturation factor g | 5.86 | |||
| TGF-β pathway | |||||
| ACVRL1 | ALK1 | 2.6 | ISH | Arteries/veins | Arteries/veins and plexus |
| TGFB1 | TGFβ1 | 2.88 | ISH | Vascular front | Vascular front and plexus |
| TGFBR2 | TGFβR2 | 3.05 | ISH | Strongest in arteries (also in vascular front and plexus) | Strongest in arteries (also in vascular front and plexus) |
| Transcription factors | |||||
| ETS1 | Ets-1 | 3.40 | ISH | Stronger in veins than arteries, plexus, high in stalk cells, no tip cells | Same as WT, but signal stronger in vascular plexus |
| MEF2C | Mef2c | 2.91 | |||
| KLF2 | Krueppel-like factor (KLF)-2 | 3.2 | ISH | Arteries/veins | Arteries/veins |
| KLF4 | KLF4 | 2.49 | |||
| FOXC1 | FoxC1 | 3.51 | |||
| SOX7 | Sox7 | 4.60 | |||
| SOX17 | Sox17 | 4.64 | |||
| SNAI2 | Slug | 3.16 | |||
| Others | |||||
| SPRY1 | Sprouty1 | 2.72 | ISH | Pericytes | Pericytes |
| AQP1 | Aquaporin-1 | 6.37 | ISH | Not detectable | Arteries |
| CAV1 | Caveolin-1 | 3.46 | ISH | Veins | Veins and vascular plexus |
| IHC | All vessels | All vessels | |||
| CAV2 | Caveolin-2 | 5.18 | |||
| EDG1 | S1PR1 | 2.23 | |||
| LEPR | Leptin receptor | 3.55 | |||
| B3GNT1 | UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase1 | 6.92 | |||
| CD38 | CD38 | 7.13 | |||
| RASGRP3 | RAS guanyl releasing protein 3 | 5.71 | |||
| TYROBP | TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein/DAP12 | 3.35 | |||
| SYK | Syk | 2.29 |
| Gene name . | Protein name . | Fold change . | Method . | Expression in WT retinas . | Expression in dll4+/− retinas . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECM/BM molecules | |||||
| NID1 | Nidogen-1 | 4.26 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched and plexus | Vascular plexus higher than in WT |
| IHC | All vessels | All vessels | |||
| NID2 | Nidogen-2 | 5.49 | ISH | Vascular front enriched | Vascular front and plexus |
| PLAUR | uPAR | 5.23 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| LOXL2 | Lysyl oxidase-like 2 | 3.15 | |||
| TGFBI | TGF-β–induced | 7.63 | ISH | Veins | Veins, signal stronger than in WT |
| ITGB1 | Integrinβ1 | 4.02 | IHC | Tip cells and plexus | Tip cells and plexus |
| LAMB1 | Lamininb1 | 5.44 | |||
| Secreted molecules | |||||
| APLN | Apelin | 3.72 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| ESM1 | Endothelial-specific molecule 1 | 11.07 | ISH | Tip cell–enriched | Tip cells and plexus |
| IHC | Tip cells/stalk cells | Tip cells and plexus | |||
| ANGPT2 | Angiopoietin-2 | 4.64 | ISH | Tip cells | Tip cells |
| IGFBP3 | Insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-3 | 4.08 | IHC | Vascular front | Vascular front and plexus |
| GMFG | Glia maturation factor g | 5.86 | |||
| TGF-β pathway | |||||
| ACVRL1 | ALK1 | 2.6 | ISH | Arteries/veins | Arteries/veins and plexus |
| TGFB1 | TGFβ1 | 2.88 | ISH | Vascular front | Vascular front and plexus |
| TGFBR2 | TGFβR2 | 3.05 | ISH | Strongest in arteries (also in vascular front and plexus) | Strongest in arteries (also in vascular front and plexus) |
| Transcription factors | |||||
| ETS1 | Ets-1 | 3.40 | ISH | Stronger in veins than arteries, plexus, high in stalk cells, no tip cells | Same as WT, but signal stronger in vascular plexus |
| MEF2C | Mef2c | 2.91 | |||
| KLF2 | Krueppel-like factor (KLF)-2 | 3.2 | ISH | Arteries/veins | Arteries/veins |
| KLF4 | KLF4 | 2.49 | |||
| FOXC1 | FoxC1 | 3.51 | |||
| SOX7 | Sox7 | 4.60 | |||
| SOX17 | Sox17 | 4.64 | |||
| SNAI2 | Slug | 3.16 | |||
| Others | |||||
| SPRY1 | Sprouty1 | 2.72 | ISH | Pericytes | Pericytes |
| AQP1 | Aquaporin-1 | 6.37 | ISH | Not detectable | Arteries |
| CAV1 | Caveolin-1 | 3.46 | ISH | Veins | Veins and vascular plexus |
| IHC | All vessels | All vessels | |||
| CAV2 | Caveolin-2 | 5.18 | |||
| EDG1 | S1PR1 | 2.23 | |||
| LEPR | Leptin receptor | 3.55 | |||
| B3GNT1 | UDP-GlcNAc:βGal β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase1 | 6.92 | |||
| CD38 | CD38 | 7.13 | |||
| RASGRP3 | RAS guanyl releasing protein 3 | 5.71 | |||
| TYROBP | TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein/DAP12 | 3.35 | |||
| SYK | Syk | 2.29 |
WT indicates wild-type; IHC, immunohistochemistry; ALK1, activin receptor-like kinase 1; FoxC1, forkhead box C1; and UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine.