Univariate analysis according to the type of induction remission failure
| Characteristic . | Overall deaths during induction . | Failure rates according to the cause of death . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) . | P . | Hemorrhage . | Infection . | DS . | ||||
| No. (%) . | P . | No. (%) . | P . | No. (%) . | P . | |||
| Overall | 66 (9.0) | — | 37 (5.0) | — | 17 (2.3) | — | 10 (1.4) | — |
| Protocol | ||||||||
| LPA96 | 16 (9.3) | .88 | 9 (5.2) | .90 | 5 (2.9) | .77 | 2 (1.2) | 1 |
| LPA99 | 50 (8.9) | — | 28 (5.0) | — | 12 (2.1) | — | 8 (1.4) | — |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 15 or younger | 5 (8.5) | <.001 | 3 (5.1) | .06 | 0 (0.0) | <.001 | 2 (3.4) | .08 |
| 16 to 40 | 14 (4.4) | — | 11 (3.5) | — | 3 (1.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| 41 to 60 | 19 (8.3) | — | 11 (4.8) | — | 3 (1.3) | — | 5 (2.2) | — |
| 61 to 70 | 17 (19.5) | — | 6 (6.9) | — | 7 (8.0) | — | 2 (2.3) | — |
| 71 or older | 11 (25.6) | — | 6 (14.0) | — | 4 (9.3) | — | 1 (2.3) | — |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 45 (12.1) | .003 | 23 (6.2) | .16 | 14 (3.8) | .02 | 6 (1.6) | .79 |
| Female | 21 (5.8) | — | 14 (3.9) | — | 3 (0.8) | — | 4 (1.1) | — |
| ECOG score | ||||||||
| 0 to 1 | 38 (7.5) | .01 | 24 (4.7) | .2 | 11 (2.2) | .66 | 3 (0.6) | .01 |
| 2 | 15 (12.3) | — | 6 (4.9) | — | 3 (2.5) | — | 4 (3.3) | — |
| 3 | 9 (19.6) | — | 5 (10.9) | — | 2 (4.3) | — | 2 (4.3) | — |
| Fever | ||||||||
| No | 31 (7.0) | .02 | 19 (4.3) | .31 | 5 (1.1) | .01 | 6 (1.4) | .999 |
| Yes | 34 (12.0) | — | 17 (6.0) | — | 12 (4.2) | — | 4 (1.4) | — |
| WBC count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 5 | 23 (5.2) | <.001 | 12 (2.7) | <.001 | 7 (1.6) | .23 | 4 (0.9) | .21 |
| 5 to 10 | 10 (9.5) | — | 5 (4.8) | — | 3 (2.9) | — | 2 (1.9) | — |
| 10 to 50 | 21 (16.2) | — | 11 (8.5) | — | 4 (3.1) | — | 4 (3.1) | — |
| 50 or higher | 12 (23.1) | — | 10 (17.3) | — | 3 (5.8) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| PB blast count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 30 | 44 (7.2) | <.001 | 24 (3.9) | <.001 | 13 (2.1) | .11 | 7 (1.1) | .999 |
| 30 or higher | 17 (27.4) | — | 10 (16.1) | — | 4 (6.5) | — | 1 (1.6) | — |
| Platelet count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 40 | 55 (9.8) | .2 | 32 (5.7) | .16 | 13 (2.3) | .999 | 8 (1.4) | .999 |
| 40 or higher | 11 (6.5) | — | 5 (3.0) | — | 4 (2.4) | — | 2 (1.2) | — |
| Hemoglobin level, g/L | ||||||||
| Less than 10 | 43 (9.2) | .79 | 26 (5.6) | .39 | 11 (2.4) | .999 | 6 (1.3) | .999 |
| 10 or higher | 23 (8.6) | — | 11 (4.1) | — | 6 (2.3) | — | 4 (1.5) | — |
| Creatinine level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 1.4 | 52 (7.5) | <.001 | 27 (3.9) | <.001 | 15 (2.2) | .04 | 8 (1.1) | .43 |
| 1.4 or higher | 10 (71.4) | — | 7 (50.0) | — | 2 (14.3) | — | 1 (7.1) | — |
| Coagulopathy | ||||||||
| No | 10 (5.2) | .02 | 3 (1.6) | .01 | 3 (1.6) | .57 | 3 (1.6) | .999 |
| Yes | 53 (10.8) | — | 33 (6.7) | — | 13 (2.7) | — | 6 (1.2) | — |
| Uric acid level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 7 | 45 (7.6) | .44 | 21 (3.5) | .07 | 13 (2.2) | .77 | 9 (1.5) | .98 |
| 7 or higher | 4 (11.1) | — | 4 (11.1) | — | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| Fibrinogen level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 170 | 32 (8.5) | .58 | 18 (4.8) | .999 | 9 (2.4) | .999 | 4 (1.1) | .52 |
| 170 or higher | 30 (9.7) | — | 15 (4.9) | — | 8 (2.6) | — | 6 (1.9) | — |
| Albumin level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 3.5 | 19 (14.7) | .003 | 9 (7.0) | .13 | 5 (3.9) | .34 | 5 (3.9) | .02 |
| 3.5 or higher | 30 (6.5) | — | 16 (3.5) | — | 9 (1.9) | — | 3 (0.6) | — |
| Morphologic subtype | ||||||||
| Hypergranular | 45 (7.6) | .002 | 26 (4.4) | .09 | 11 (1.9) | .11 | 8 (1.3) | .999 |
| Microgranular | 21 (16.3) | — | 11 (8.5) | — | 6 (4.7) | — | 2 (1.6) | — |
| PML/RARα isoform | ||||||||
| BCR1/BCR2 | 27 (7.2) | .11 | 14 (3.7) | .09 | 8 (2.1) | .91 | 5 (1.3) | .75 |
| BCR3 | 29 (10.7) | — | 19 (7.0) | — | 7 (2.6) | — | 2 (0.7) | — |
| Characteristic . | Overall deaths during induction . | Failure rates according to the cause of death . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) . | P . | Hemorrhage . | Infection . | DS . | ||||
| No. (%) . | P . | No. (%) . | P . | No. (%) . | P . | |||
| Overall | 66 (9.0) | — | 37 (5.0) | — | 17 (2.3) | — | 10 (1.4) | — |
| Protocol | ||||||||
| LPA96 | 16 (9.3) | .88 | 9 (5.2) | .90 | 5 (2.9) | .77 | 2 (1.2) | 1 |
| LPA99 | 50 (8.9) | — | 28 (5.0) | — | 12 (2.1) | — | 8 (1.4) | — |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 15 or younger | 5 (8.5) | <.001 | 3 (5.1) | .06 | 0 (0.0) | <.001 | 2 (3.4) | .08 |
| 16 to 40 | 14 (4.4) | — | 11 (3.5) | — | 3 (1.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| 41 to 60 | 19 (8.3) | — | 11 (4.8) | — | 3 (1.3) | — | 5 (2.2) | — |
| 61 to 70 | 17 (19.5) | — | 6 (6.9) | — | 7 (8.0) | — | 2 (2.3) | — |
| 71 or older | 11 (25.6) | — | 6 (14.0) | — | 4 (9.3) | — | 1 (2.3) | — |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 45 (12.1) | .003 | 23 (6.2) | .16 | 14 (3.8) | .02 | 6 (1.6) | .79 |
| Female | 21 (5.8) | — | 14 (3.9) | — | 3 (0.8) | — | 4 (1.1) | — |
| ECOG score | ||||||||
| 0 to 1 | 38 (7.5) | .01 | 24 (4.7) | .2 | 11 (2.2) | .66 | 3 (0.6) | .01 |
| 2 | 15 (12.3) | — | 6 (4.9) | — | 3 (2.5) | — | 4 (3.3) | — |
| 3 | 9 (19.6) | — | 5 (10.9) | — | 2 (4.3) | — | 2 (4.3) | — |
| Fever | ||||||||
| No | 31 (7.0) | .02 | 19 (4.3) | .31 | 5 (1.1) | .01 | 6 (1.4) | .999 |
| Yes | 34 (12.0) | — | 17 (6.0) | — | 12 (4.2) | — | 4 (1.4) | — |
| WBC count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 5 | 23 (5.2) | <.001 | 12 (2.7) | <.001 | 7 (1.6) | .23 | 4 (0.9) | .21 |
| 5 to 10 | 10 (9.5) | — | 5 (4.8) | — | 3 (2.9) | — | 2 (1.9) | — |
| 10 to 50 | 21 (16.2) | — | 11 (8.5) | — | 4 (3.1) | — | 4 (3.1) | — |
| 50 or higher | 12 (23.1) | — | 10 (17.3) | — | 3 (5.8) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| PB blast count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 30 | 44 (7.2) | <.001 | 24 (3.9) | <.001 | 13 (2.1) | .11 | 7 (1.1) | .999 |
| 30 or higher | 17 (27.4) | — | 10 (16.1) | — | 4 (6.5) | — | 1 (1.6) | — |
| Platelet count, × 109/L | ||||||||
| Less than 40 | 55 (9.8) | .2 | 32 (5.7) | .16 | 13 (2.3) | .999 | 8 (1.4) | .999 |
| 40 or higher | 11 (6.5) | — | 5 (3.0) | — | 4 (2.4) | — | 2 (1.2) | — |
| Hemoglobin level, g/L | ||||||||
| Less than 10 | 43 (9.2) | .79 | 26 (5.6) | .39 | 11 (2.4) | .999 | 6 (1.3) | .999 |
| 10 or higher | 23 (8.6) | — | 11 (4.1) | — | 6 (2.3) | — | 4 (1.5) | — |
| Creatinine level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 1.4 | 52 (7.5) | <.001 | 27 (3.9) | <.001 | 15 (2.2) | .04 | 8 (1.1) | .43 |
| 1.4 or higher | 10 (71.4) | — | 7 (50.0) | — | 2 (14.3) | — | 1 (7.1) | — |
| Coagulopathy | ||||||||
| No | 10 (5.2) | .02 | 3 (1.6) | .01 | 3 (1.6) | .57 | 3 (1.6) | .999 |
| Yes | 53 (10.8) | — | 33 (6.7) | — | 13 (2.7) | — | 6 (1.2) | — |
| Uric acid level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 7 | 45 (7.6) | .44 | 21 (3.5) | .07 | 13 (2.2) | .77 | 9 (1.5) | .98 |
| 7 or higher | 4 (11.1) | — | 4 (11.1) | — | 0 (0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — |
| Fibrinogen level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 170 | 32 (8.5) | .58 | 18 (4.8) | .999 | 9 (2.4) | .999 | 4 (1.1) | .52 |
| 170 or higher | 30 (9.7) | — | 15 (4.9) | — | 8 (2.6) | — | 6 (1.9) | — |
| Albumin level, mg/dL | ||||||||
| Less than 3.5 | 19 (14.7) | .003 | 9 (7.0) | .13 | 5 (3.9) | .34 | 5 (3.9) | .02 |
| 3.5 or higher | 30 (6.5) | — | 16 (3.5) | — | 9 (1.9) | — | 3 (0.6) | — |
| Morphologic subtype | ||||||||
| Hypergranular | 45 (7.6) | .002 | 26 (4.4) | .09 | 11 (1.9) | .11 | 8 (1.3) | .999 |
| Microgranular | 21 (16.3) | — | 11 (8.5) | — | 6 (4.7) | — | 2 (1.6) | — |
| PML/RARα isoform | ||||||||
| BCR1/BCR2 | 27 (7.2) | .11 | 14 (3.7) | .09 | 8 (2.1) | .91 | 5 (1.3) | .75 |
| BCR3 | 29 (10.7) | — | 19 (7.0) | — | 7 (2.6) | — | 2 (0.7) | — |
ECOG indicates Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; WBC, white blood count; PB, peripheral blood; and —, not applicable.