Characteristics of the study sample stratified by race and sex
| Characteristic . | Women . | Men . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black . | White . | P . | Black . | White . | P . | |
| No. of participants | 594 | 753 | 424 | 830 | ||
| Hemoglobin level, M (SD) | 12.8 (1.1) | 13.5 (1.1) | < .01 | 13.6 (1.5) | 14.4 (1.3) | < .01 |
| Less than 110 g/L, % | 4.9 | 2.1 | — | 4.7 | 1.0 | — |
| 110-119 g/L, % | 16.0 | 4.9 | — | 5.7 | 2.8 | — |
| 120-129 g/L, % | 34.5 | 22.4 | — | 15.1 | 10.0 | — |
| 130-139 g/L, % | 32.3 | 37.7 | — | 33.5 | 21.0 | — |
| 140-149 g/L, % | 9.3 | 25.2 | — | 24.5 | 33.4 | — |
| 150-159 g/L, % | 2.9 | 6.0 | — | 12.7 | 21.3 | — |
| At least 160 g/L or more, % | 0.2 | 1.6 | < .01 | 3.8 | 10.6 | < .01 |
| WHO-defined anemia, % | 20.9 | 7.0 | < .01 | 25.5 | 13.7 | < .01 |
| Mean corpuscular volume in fL, M (SD) | 88.6 (5.8) | 91.4 (4.5) | < .01 | 88.7 (6.3) | 92.3 (4.5) | < .01 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, M (SD) | 75.3 (2.9) | 75.6 (2.8) | .13 | 75.7 (2.8) | 75.9 (2.9) | .25 |
| Education, % | ||||||
| Less than high school graduate | 37.6 | 10.0 | — | 47.8 | 12.9 | — |
| High school graduate | 34.4 | 41.9 | — | 25.5 | 26.7 | — |
| Post-secondary | 28.0 | 48.1 | < .01 | 26.7 | 60.4 | < .01 |
| Memphis study site, % | 47.3 | 53.2 | .03 | 50.5 | 51.4 | .76 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| BMI in kg/m2, M (SD) | 29.4 (6.0) | 25.9 (4.5) | < .01 | 27.0 (4.3) | 27.0 (3.8) | .97 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||||
| Never smoked | 56.9 | 59.9 | — | 31.1 | 29.6 | — |
| Former smoker | 32.4 | 34.4 | — | 53.8 | 66.5 | — |
| Current smoker | 10.7 | 5.7 | < .01 | 14.9 | 3.8 | < .01 |
| Overnight hospitalization, % | 9.8 | 5.8 | .01 | 7.1 | 8.8 | .29 |
| Albumin in g/L, M (SD) | 39.4 (3.0) | 39.7 (3.0) | .20 | 39.8 (3.1) | 40.4 (3.3) | < .01 |
| Markers of renal function | ||||||
| Cystatin C in mg/L, M (SD) | 0.98 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.24) | .02 | 1.04 (0.27) | 1.07 (0.26) | < .01 |
| Creatinine in mg/dL, M (SD) | 0.98 (0.26) | 0.89 (0.17) | < .01 | 1.24 (0.34) | 1.11 (0.25) | < .01 |
| eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2, M (SD) | 75.9 (16.9) | 68.0 (13.0) | < .01 | 78.1 (18.6) | 71.9 (14.7) | < .01 |
| Prevalent diseases, % | ||||||
| Cancer | 13.3 | 20.7 | < .01 | 20.5 | 27.4 | .01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8.8 | 7.4 | .38 | 10.1 | 7.4 | .09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.4 | 0.5 | .11 | 1.2 | 1.7 | .49 |
| Coronary heart disease | 15.5 | 12.8 | .15 | 20.3 | 29.6 | < .01 |
| Diabetes | 24.9 | 10.2 | < .01 | 27.8 | 19.4 | < .01 |
| GI bleed/ulcer | 19.7 | 15.7 | .05 | 23.1 | 24.1 | .70 |
| Hypertension | 76.4 | 58.0 | < .01 | 68.2 | 57.4 | < .01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 5.2 | 2.5 | < .01 | 5.9 | 6.1 | .86 |
| Pulmonary disease | 12.3 | 11.6 | .68 | 10.9 | 10.5 | .84 |
| Outcomes, % | ||||||
| Died | 18.7 | 13.6 | .01 | 29.3 | 19.9 | < .01 |
| Developed mobility disability* | 19.3 | 14.0 | .01 | 15.3 | 11.6 | .08 |
| Characteristic . | Women . | Men . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black . | White . | P . | Black . | White . | P . | |
| No. of participants | 594 | 753 | 424 | 830 | ||
| Hemoglobin level, M (SD) | 12.8 (1.1) | 13.5 (1.1) | < .01 | 13.6 (1.5) | 14.4 (1.3) | < .01 |
| Less than 110 g/L, % | 4.9 | 2.1 | — | 4.7 | 1.0 | — |
| 110-119 g/L, % | 16.0 | 4.9 | — | 5.7 | 2.8 | — |
| 120-129 g/L, % | 34.5 | 22.4 | — | 15.1 | 10.0 | — |
| 130-139 g/L, % | 32.3 | 37.7 | — | 33.5 | 21.0 | — |
| 140-149 g/L, % | 9.3 | 25.2 | — | 24.5 | 33.4 | — |
| 150-159 g/L, % | 2.9 | 6.0 | — | 12.7 | 21.3 | — |
| At least 160 g/L or more, % | 0.2 | 1.6 | < .01 | 3.8 | 10.6 | < .01 |
| WHO-defined anemia, % | 20.9 | 7.0 | < .01 | 25.5 | 13.7 | < .01 |
| Mean corpuscular volume in fL, M (SD) | 88.6 (5.8) | 91.4 (4.5) | < .01 | 88.7 (6.3) | 92.3 (4.5) | < .01 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, M (SD) | 75.3 (2.9) | 75.6 (2.8) | .13 | 75.7 (2.8) | 75.9 (2.9) | .25 |
| Education, % | ||||||
| Less than high school graduate | 37.6 | 10.0 | — | 47.8 | 12.9 | — |
| High school graduate | 34.4 | 41.9 | — | 25.5 | 26.7 | — |
| Post-secondary | 28.0 | 48.1 | < .01 | 26.7 | 60.4 | < .01 |
| Memphis study site, % | 47.3 | 53.2 | .03 | 50.5 | 51.4 | .76 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| BMI in kg/m2, M (SD) | 29.4 (6.0) | 25.9 (4.5) | < .01 | 27.0 (4.3) | 27.0 (3.8) | .97 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||||
| Never smoked | 56.9 | 59.9 | — | 31.1 | 29.6 | — |
| Former smoker | 32.4 | 34.4 | — | 53.8 | 66.5 | — |
| Current smoker | 10.7 | 5.7 | < .01 | 14.9 | 3.8 | < .01 |
| Overnight hospitalization, % | 9.8 | 5.8 | .01 | 7.1 | 8.8 | .29 |
| Albumin in g/L, M (SD) | 39.4 (3.0) | 39.7 (3.0) | .20 | 39.8 (3.1) | 40.4 (3.3) | < .01 |
| Markers of renal function | ||||||
| Cystatin C in mg/L, M (SD) | 0.98 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.24) | .02 | 1.04 (0.27) | 1.07 (0.26) | < .01 |
| Creatinine in mg/dL, M (SD) | 0.98 (0.26) | 0.89 (0.17) | < .01 | 1.24 (0.34) | 1.11 (0.25) | < .01 |
| eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2, M (SD) | 75.9 (16.9) | 68.0 (13.0) | < .01 | 78.1 (18.6) | 71.9 (14.7) | < .01 |
| Prevalent diseases, % | ||||||
| Cancer | 13.3 | 20.7 | < .01 | 20.5 | 27.4 | .01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8.8 | 7.4 | .38 | 10.1 | 7.4 | .09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.4 | 0.5 | .11 | 1.2 | 1.7 | .49 |
| Coronary heart disease | 15.5 | 12.8 | .15 | 20.3 | 29.6 | < .01 |
| Diabetes | 24.9 | 10.2 | < .01 | 27.8 | 19.4 | < .01 |
| GI bleed/ulcer | 19.7 | 15.7 | .05 | 23.1 | 24.1 | .70 |
| Hypertension | 76.4 | 58.0 | < .01 | 68.2 | 57.4 | < .01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 5.2 | 2.5 | < .01 | 5.9 | 6.1 | .86 |
| Pulmonary disease | 12.3 | 11.6 | .68 | 10.9 | 10.5 | .84 |
| Outcomes, % | ||||||
| Died | 18.7 | 13.6 | .01 | 29.3 | 19.9 | < .01 |
| Developed mobility disability* | 19.3 | 14.0 | .01 | 15.3 | 11.6 | .08 |
To convert creatinine level from milligrams per deciliter to micromoles per liter, multiply milligrams per deciliter by 88.4.
M indicates mean; SD, standard deviation; —, not applicable.
*Note sample sizes for mobility disability incidence: black women, n = 503; white women, n = 693; black men, n = 387; white men, n = 793.