Partial list of platelet-derived inflammatory mediators and immune modulators
| Molecule . | Immune/inflammatory role . |
|---|---|
| α-Granule | |
| PF4 | Chemokine: monocyte, neutrophil, and T-cell recruitment; Th differentiation2-5 |
| Ppbp β-thromboglobulin NAP-2 | Chemokine: neutrophil activation and recruitment, macrophage phagocytic activity6-8 |
| P-selectin | Selectin: leukocyte adhesion, complement activation9-11 |
| CD40L | TNF superfamily: antigen-presenting cell activation, B-cell responses, endothelial cell activation12-14 |
| TGF-β | Cytokine: cell proliferation, T-cell differentiation, B-cell and macrophage phenotype regulation15-19 |
| PDGF | Growth factor: cell growth and differentiation, monocyte/macrophage differentiation20,21 |
| VWF | Platelet adhesion, PMN extravasation22,23 |
| CD63 | Tetraspanin: transmembrane adaptor protein, leukocyte recruitment24 |
| SDF-1 | Chemokine: T-cell, monocyte, and PMN chemotaxis25-27 |
| VEGF | Growth factor: angiogenesis, adhesion molecule expression28-30 |
| Thrombospondins | Apoptosis, endothelial cell inflammation, macrophage-platelet aggregates31,32 |
| MIP-1α | Cytokine: neutrophil and eosinophil activation, B-cell immunoglobulin production33,34 |
| MMP-2, MMP-9 | Protease: extracellular matrix breakdown, platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation35-38 |
| Cyclophilin A | Vascular smooth muscle cell growth factor36 |
| Dense granule | |
| Serotonin | DC and T-cell functions39,40 |
| Glutamate | T-cell trafficking41,42 |
| Polyphosphates | Inflammatory response amplification43,44 |
| ADP | Platelet, leukocyte, endothelial cell activation45-47 |
| Histamine | Increased vessel reactivity and degranulation48-50 |
| Produced or constitutively expressed | |
| IL-1β | Cytokine: acute phase response, leukocyte and endothelial activation51-54 |
| Thromboxane | Eicosanoid: T-cell differentiation, monocyte activation55-57 |
| Nitric oxide | Reactive oxygen species: anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic58 |
| GPIbα | Adhesion molecule: binds Mac-1 on leukocytes59 |
| Molecule . | Immune/inflammatory role . |
|---|---|
| α-Granule | |
| PF4 | Chemokine: monocyte, neutrophil, and T-cell recruitment; Th differentiation2-5 |
| Ppbp β-thromboglobulin NAP-2 | Chemokine: neutrophil activation and recruitment, macrophage phagocytic activity6-8 |
| P-selectin | Selectin: leukocyte adhesion, complement activation9-11 |
| CD40L | TNF superfamily: antigen-presenting cell activation, B-cell responses, endothelial cell activation12-14 |
| TGF-β | Cytokine: cell proliferation, T-cell differentiation, B-cell and macrophage phenotype regulation15-19 |
| PDGF | Growth factor: cell growth and differentiation, monocyte/macrophage differentiation20,21 |
| VWF | Platelet adhesion, PMN extravasation22,23 |
| CD63 | Tetraspanin: transmembrane adaptor protein, leukocyte recruitment24 |
| SDF-1 | Chemokine: T-cell, monocyte, and PMN chemotaxis25-27 |
| VEGF | Growth factor: angiogenesis, adhesion molecule expression28-30 |
| Thrombospondins | Apoptosis, endothelial cell inflammation, macrophage-platelet aggregates31,32 |
| MIP-1α | Cytokine: neutrophil and eosinophil activation, B-cell immunoglobulin production33,34 |
| MMP-2, MMP-9 | Protease: extracellular matrix breakdown, platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation35-38 |
| Cyclophilin A | Vascular smooth muscle cell growth factor36 |
| Dense granule | |
| Serotonin | DC and T-cell functions39,40 |
| Glutamate | T-cell trafficking41,42 |
| Polyphosphates | Inflammatory response amplification43,44 |
| ADP | Platelet, leukocyte, endothelial cell activation45-47 |
| Histamine | Increased vessel reactivity and degranulation48-50 |
| Produced or constitutively expressed | |
| IL-1β | Cytokine: acute phase response, leukocyte and endothelial activation51-54 |
| Thromboxane | Eicosanoid: T-cell differentiation, monocyte activation55-57 |
| Nitric oxide | Reactive oxygen species: anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic58 |
| GPIbα | Adhesion molecule: binds Mac-1 on leukocytes59 |
ADP, adenosine 5′-diphosphate; CD40L, CD40 ligand; DC, dendritic cell; GPIbα, glycoprotein Ibα; IL, interleukin; MIP, macrophage-inflammatory protein; MMP, metalloproteinase; NAP, neutrophil-activating peptide; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PF4, platelet factor 4; PMN, neutrophil; ppbp, proplatelet basic protein; SDF, stromal cell–derived factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; Th, T helper; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VWF, von Willebrand factor.