An overview of general and morphometric risk factors for PE and DVT
| . | Study design and N . | Country where study was conducted . | Mean age, y (SD) . | PE (95% CI) . | DVT (95% CI) . | DVT + PE (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| Naess (2007)1 | Cohort | Norway | Median (range) | ** | ||
| N total = 93 769 | 46 (20-103) | |||||
| 20-59* | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-69 | RR = 4.3 (2.9-6.3) | RR = 3.2 (2.4-4.2) | — | |||
| 70-79 | RR = 7.6 (5.5-10.6) | RR = 6.2 (4.9-7.9) | — | |||
| 80+ | RR = 12.9 (9.2-18.0) | RR = 10.8 (8.5-13.6) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.9 (2.2-3.8) | RR = 2.4 (2.0-3.0) | — | |||
| Kniffin (1994)15 | Cohort | United States | Mean (SD) | |||
| N total = 16 097 | 76 (7) | |||||
| 65-69 | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 75-79 | RR = 1.8 (1.7-1.9) | RR = 1.5 (1.4-1.6) | — | |||
| 85-89 | RR = 2.3 (2.1-2.5) | RR = 1.7 (1.6-1.9) | — | |||
| Oger (2000)17 | Cohort | France | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 342 017 | 68 (17) | |||||
| 20-59† | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-74 | RR = 5.9 (3.7-9.5) | RR = 6.1 (4.6-8.2) | — | |||
| 75+ | RR = 23.5 (15.5-35.7) | RR = 12.1 (9.1-16.2) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.8 (1.9-4.1) | RR = 2.1 (1.6-2.7) | — | |||
| Silverstein (1998)18 | Cohort | United States, MN | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 106 470 | 62 (20) | 1986-1990 | 1986-1990 | |||
| 20-59‡ | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-69 | RR = 4.4 (2.8-6.8) | RR = 3.4 (2.3-5.0) | — | |||
| 70-79 | RR = 10.1 (6.9-14.7) | RR = 5.8 (4.1-8.2) | — | |||
| 80+ | RR = 24.0 (17.0-33.8) | RR = 7.4 (5.2-10.6) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.9 (2.2-3.9) | RR = 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | — | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Severinsen (2010)20 | Cohort | Denmark | Median (5th-95th percentiles) | |||
| N total = 56 014 | 56 (51-64) | |||||
| Male vs female | IRR = 1.1 (0.90-1.4) | IRR = 2.0 (1.6-2.5) | — | |||
| Naess (2007)1 | Cohort | Norway | Median (range) | |||
| N total = 93 769 | 46 (20-103) | |||||
| Male vs female* | IRR = 0.80 (0.63-1.0) | IRR = 0.82 (0.68-0.98) | — | |||
| Oger (2000)17 | Cohort | France | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 342 017 | 68 (17) | |||||
| Male vs female† | IRR = 0.67 (0.48-0.93) | IRR = 0.81 (0.64-1.0) | — | |||
| Silverstein (1998)18 | Cohort | United States, MN | Mean cases (SD) | ** | — | |
| Male vs female‡ | N total = 106 470 | 62 (20) | IRR = 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | IRR = 1.1 (0.81-1.4) | — | |
| Anderson (1991)16 Worchester DVT study | Cross-sectional | United States, MA | Mean cases (SD) | |||
| N cases = 405 | 66 (18) | |||||
| Male vs female§ | IRR = 1.2 (0.85-1.7) | IRR = 1.0 (0.79-1.3) | — | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White (2009)21 ‖ | Cohort | United States, CA | — | Calculated over 199621 | Calculated over 1991-199423 | |
| White (1998)23 ¶ | N total = 17 991 | |||||
| White | OR = 1 (ref) | IRR = 1(ref) | — | |||
| Black | OR = 1.2 (1.1-1.3)†† | IRR = 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | — | |||
| Hispanic | OR = 0.8 (0.7-0.9)†† | IRR = 0.60 (0.54-0.67) | — | |||
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | — | IRR = 0.26 (0.22-0.30) | — | |||
| Klatsky (2000)22 ‡ | Cohort | United States, CA | — | |||
| N total = 128 934 | ||||||
| White | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| Black | RR = 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | RR = 0.59 (0.39-0.89) | — | |||
| Hispanic | RR = 0.50 (0.20-1.2) | RR = 0.38 (0.12-1.2) | — | |||
| Asian | — | RR = 0.16 (0.05-0.51) | — | |||
| Height, m | ||||||
| Flinterman (manuscript in preparation)a | Case-control | The Netherlands | Median, range cases 50 (18-69) | |||
| N total = 9522 | N cases = 3719 | |||||
| ≤ 1.60 | OR = 1.0 (0.81-1.3) | OR = 0.81 (0.67-0.99) | OR = 0.54 (0.31-0.91) | |||
| 1.61-1.70 | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | |||
| 1.71-1.80 | OR = 1.1 (0.97-1.3) | OR = 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | OR = 1.7 (1.3-2.2) | |||
| 1.81-1.90 | OR = 1.2 (0.95-1.5) | OR = 1.4 (1.1-1.6) | OR = 1.9 (1.4-2.8) | |||
| 1.91-2.00 | OR = 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | OR = 1.5 (1.1-1.9) | OR = 1.3 (0.67-2.4) | |||
| > 2.00 | OR = 1.3 (0.29-6.3) | OR = 1.8 (0.60-5.5) | OR = 9.7 (2.5-37.8) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| Stein (2005)26 | Cohort | United States | — | |||
| N = 703 015 000 | ||||||
| Obese vs nonobese# | RR = 2.21 (2.20-2.23) | RR = 2.50 (2.49-2.51) | — | |||
| Pomp (2007)27 | Case-control | The Netherlands | Mean, 5th-95th percentile cases | |||
| N total = 8517 | 48 (26-68) | |||||
| N cases = 3834 | ||||||
| < 25 | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | |||
| 25-30 | OR = 1.5 (1.3-1.8) | OR = 1.8 (1.6-2.1) | OR = 2.1 (1.6-2.6) | |||
| > 30 | OR = 1.9 (1.6-2.3) | OR = 2.8 (2.4-3.3) | OR = 3.8 (2.9-4.9) |
| . | Study design and N . | Country where study was conducted . | Mean age, y (SD) . | PE (95% CI) . | DVT (95% CI) . | DVT + PE (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| Naess (2007)1 | Cohort | Norway | Median (range) | ** | ||
| N total = 93 769 | 46 (20-103) | |||||
| 20-59* | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-69 | RR = 4.3 (2.9-6.3) | RR = 3.2 (2.4-4.2) | — | |||
| 70-79 | RR = 7.6 (5.5-10.6) | RR = 6.2 (4.9-7.9) | — | |||
| 80+ | RR = 12.9 (9.2-18.0) | RR = 10.8 (8.5-13.6) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.9 (2.2-3.8) | RR = 2.4 (2.0-3.0) | — | |||
| Kniffin (1994)15 | Cohort | United States | Mean (SD) | |||
| N total = 16 097 | 76 (7) | |||||
| 65-69 | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 75-79 | RR = 1.8 (1.7-1.9) | RR = 1.5 (1.4-1.6) | — | |||
| 85-89 | RR = 2.3 (2.1-2.5) | RR = 1.7 (1.6-1.9) | — | |||
| Oger (2000)17 | Cohort | France | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 342 017 | 68 (17) | |||||
| 20-59† | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-74 | RR = 5.9 (3.7-9.5) | RR = 6.1 (4.6-8.2) | — | |||
| 75+ | RR = 23.5 (15.5-35.7) | RR = 12.1 (9.1-16.2) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.8 (1.9-4.1) | RR = 2.1 (1.6-2.7) | — | |||
| Silverstein (1998)18 | Cohort | United States, MN | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 106 470 | 62 (20) | 1986-1990 | 1986-1990 | |||
| 20-59‡ | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| 60-69 | RR = 4.4 (2.8-6.8) | RR = 3.4 (2.3-5.0) | — | |||
| 70-79 | RR = 10.1 (6.9-14.7) | RR = 5.8 (4.1-8.2) | — | |||
| 80+ | RR = 24.0 (17.0-33.8) | RR = 7.4 (5.2-10.6) | — | |||
| Total | RR = 2.9 (2.2-3.9) | RR = 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | — | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Severinsen (2010)20 | Cohort | Denmark | Median (5th-95th percentiles) | |||
| N total = 56 014 | 56 (51-64) | |||||
| Male vs female | IRR = 1.1 (0.90-1.4) | IRR = 2.0 (1.6-2.5) | — | |||
| Naess (2007)1 | Cohort | Norway | Median (range) | |||
| N total = 93 769 | 46 (20-103) | |||||
| Male vs female* | IRR = 0.80 (0.63-1.0) | IRR = 0.82 (0.68-0.98) | — | |||
| Oger (2000)17 | Cohort | France | Mean cases (SD) | ** | ||
| N total = 342 017 | 68 (17) | |||||
| Male vs female† | IRR = 0.67 (0.48-0.93) | IRR = 0.81 (0.64-1.0) | — | |||
| Silverstein (1998)18 | Cohort | United States, MN | Mean cases (SD) | ** | — | |
| Male vs female‡ | N total = 106 470 | 62 (20) | IRR = 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | IRR = 1.1 (0.81-1.4) | — | |
| Anderson (1991)16 Worchester DVT study | Cross-sectional | United States, MA | Mean cases (SD) | |||
| N cases = 405 | 66 (18) | |||||
| Male vs female§ | IRR = 1.2 (0.85-1.7) | IRR = 1.0 (0.79-1.3) | — | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White (2009)21 ‖ | Cohort | United States, CA | — | Calculated over 199621 | Calculated over 1991-199423 | |
| White (1998)23 ¶ | N total = 17 991 | |||||
| White | OR = 1 (ref) | IRR = 1(ref) | — | |||
| Black | OR = 1.2 (1.1-1.3)†† | IRR = 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | — | |||
| Hispanic | OR = 0.8 (0.7-0.9)†† | IRR = 0.60 (0.54-0.67) | — | |||
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | — | IRR = 0.26 (0.22-0.30) | — | |||
| Klatsky (2000)22 ‡ | Cohort | United States, CA | — | |||
| N total = 128 934 | ||||||
| White | RR = 1 (ref) | RR = 1 (ref) | — | |||
| Black | RR = 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | RR = 0.59 (0.39-0.89) | — | |||
| Hispanic | RR = 0.50 (0.20-1.2) | RR = 0.38 (0.12-1.2) | — | |||
| Asian | — | RR = 0.16 (0.05-0.51) | — | |||
| Height, m | ||||||
| Flinterman (manuscript in preparation)a | Case-control | The Netherlands | Median, range cases 50 (18-69) | |||
| N total = 9522 | N cases = 3719 | |||||
| ≤ 1.60 | OR = 1.0 (0.81-1.3) | OR = 0.81 (0.67-0.99) | OR = 0.54 (0.31-0.91) | |||
| 1.61-1.70 | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | |||
| 1.71-1.80 | OR = 1.1 (0.97-1.3) | OR = 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | OR = 1.7 (1.3-2.2) | |||
| 1.81-1.90 | OR = 1.2 (0.95-1.5) | OR = 1.4 (1.1-1.6) | OR = 1.9 (1.4-2.8) | |||
| 1.91-2.00 | OR = 1.6 (1.2-2.3) | OR = 1.5 (1.1-1.9) | OR = 1.3 (0.67-2.4) | |||
| > 2.00 | OR = 1.3 (0.29-6.3) | OR = 1.8 (0.60-5.5) | OR = 9.7 (2.5-37.8) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||
| Stein (2005)26 | Cohort | United States | — | |||
| N = 703 015 000 | ||||||
| Obese vs nonobese# | RR = 2.21 (2.20-2.23) | RR = 2.50 (2.49-2.51) | — | |||
| Pomp (2007)27 | Case-control | The Netherlands | Mean, 5th-95th percentile cases | |||
| N total = 8517 | 48 (26-68) | |||||
| N cases = 3834 | ||||||
| < 25 | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | OR = 1 (ref) | |||
| 25-30 | OR = 1.5 (1.3-1.8) | OR = 1.8 (1.6-2.1) | OR = 2.1 (1.6-2.6) | |||
| > 30 | OR = 1.9 (1.6-2.3) | OR = 2.8 (2.4-3.3) | OR = 3.8 (2.9-4.9) |
— indicates not applicable.
Calculated from the original article Tables 3 and 4.
Calculated from the original article Table 3.
Calculated from the original article Table 1.
Calculated from the original article Table 5 and 6.
Standardized to the 1996 California population.
Standardized to the 1990 California population.
Obesity defined according to ICD-9 code 278.0, which includes both overweight and obesity. No BMI cut off mentioned.
PE with or without a DVT of the leg.
Adjusted for age, sex, and provoking risk factors.
L.E.F., A.v.H.V., F.R.R., and S.C.C., Body height, mobility, and risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis, manuscript in preparation.