Procedural bleeding risks7,26,27,65
| High (2-day risk of major bleed 2%-4%) |
| Heart valve replacement |
| Coronary artery bypass |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair |
| Neurosurgical/urologic/head and neck/abdominal/breast cancer surgery |
| Bilateral knee replacement |
| Laminectomy |
| Transurethral prostate resection |
| Kidney biopsy |
| Polypectomy, variceal treatment, biliary sphincterectomy, pneumatic dilatation |
| PEG placement |
| Endoscopically guided fine-needle aspiration |
| Multiple tooth extractions |
| Vascular and general surgery |
| Any major operation (procedure duration > 45 minutes) |
| Low (2-day risk of major bleed 0%-2%) |
| Cholecystectomy |
| Abdominal hysterectomy |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy ± biopsy, enteroscopy, biliary/pancreatic stent without sphincterotomy, endonosonography without fine-needle aspiration |
| Pacemaker and cardiac defribillator insertion and electrophysiologic testing |
| Simple dental extractions |
| Carpal tunnel repair |
| Knee/hip replacement and shoulder/foot/hand surgery and arthroscopy |
| Dilatation and curettage |
| Skin cancer excision |
| Abdominal hernia repair |
| Hemorrhoidal surgery |
| Axillary node dissection |
| Hydrocele repair |
| Cataract and noncataract eye surgery |
| Noncoronary angiography |
| Bronchoscopy ± biopsy |
| Central venous catheter removal |
| Cutaneous and bladder/prostate/thyroid/breast/lymph node biopsies |
| High (2-day risk of major bleed 2%-4%) |
| Heart valve replacement |
| Coronary artery bypass |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair |
| Neurosurgical/urologic/head and neck/abdominal/breast cancer surgery |
| Bilateral knee replacement |
| Laminectomy |
| Transurethral prostate resection |
| Kidney biopsy |
| Polypectomy, variceal treatment, biliary sphincterectomy, pneumatic dilatation |
| PEG placement |
| Endoscopically guided fine-needle aspiration |
| Multiple tooth extractions |
| Vascular and general surgery |
| Any major operation (procedure duration > 45 minutes) |
| Low (2-day risk of major bleed 0%-2%) |
| Cholecystectomy |
| Abdominal hysterectomy |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy ± biopsy, enteroscopy, biliary/pancreatic stent without sphincterotomy, endonosonography without fine-needle aspiration |
| Pacemaker and cardiac defribillator insertion and electrophysiologic testing |
| Simple dental extractions |
| Carpal tunnel repair |
| Knee/hip replacement and shoulder/foot/hand surgery and arthroscopy |
| Dilatation and curettage |
| Skin cancer excision |
| Abdominal hernia repair |
| Hemorrhoidal surgery |
| Axillary node dissection |
| Hydrocele repair |
| Cataract and noncataract eye surgery |
| Noncoronary angiography |
| Bronchoscopy ± biopsy |
| Central venous catheter removal |
| Cutaneous and bladder/prostate/thyroid/breast/lymph node biopsies |
This table is based on definitions derived from surgical/subspecialty societies in anticoagulant bridging or anticoagulant bridging management studies.