Overview of studies on TF expression in human cancer
| Type of cancer . | Reference . | No. of tumors . | TF expression by IHC, no. (%) . | Method . | Main findings with respect to TF expression . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | 53 | 115 | 93 (80.8) | IHC | TF expression is associated with well-differentiated epithelia and less lymph node metastases |
| 15 | 40 | 40 (100) | IHC | Increased TF intensity is found in infiltrative ductal carcinoma | |
| 54 | 213 | 193 (90.6) | IHC | TF expression is associated with TF plasma levels and overall survival | |
| 55 | 157 | 61 (31) | IHC | Phosphorylated TF is associated with diminished survival | |
| Lung | 56 | 55 | 46 (84) | IHC | TF expression is associated with metastasis |
| 40 | 21 | NA | mRNA | TF isoforms are up-regulated in cancerous tissue, flTF, and asTF mRNA levels are associated with advanced stage; low asTF mRNA levels are associated with early stage | |
| 12 | 8 (66.7) | IHC | |||
| 11 | NA | ELISA | |||
| 13,14 | 64 | NA | mRNA | TF expression is associated with staging, VEGF, and MVD; high TF mRNA levels are associated with poor survival | |
| 64 | 47 (73.5) | IHC | |||
| 30 | NA | ELISA | |||
| 57 | 39 | 22 (56) | IHC | TF expression is associated with staging, but not with survival | |
| 80 | 57 | NA | mRNA | flTF and asTF mRNA levels are associated with poor survival | |
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Esophagus | 58 | 36 | NA | mRNA | flTF, but not asTF, mRNA levels are up-regulated in tumor tissue |
| 59 | 103 | 94 (91.3) | IHC | TF expression is associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor survival | |
| Stomach | 60 | 207 | 52 (25.1) | IHC | Intestinal-type cancer displayed enhanced TF expression and was associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor overall survival |
| Liver | 61 | 58 | 58 (100) | IHC | TF is associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor overall survival |
| Pancreas | 62 | 55 | 29 (52.7) | IHC | TF is associated with histologic grade and staging |
| 63 | 113 | 100 (88.5) | IHC | TF is associated with staging, metastasis, and overall survival | |
| 64 | 240 | 211 (87.9) | IHC | TF is associated with MVD and thrombosis rate | |
| Colorectum | 65 | 79 | 46 (57) | IHC | TF is associated with staging and metastasis |
| 66 | 100 | 57 (57) | IHC | TF is associated with staging and MVD | |
| 67 | 67 | 31 (46) | IHC | TF is associated with hepatic metastasis | |
| 68 | 50 | NA | ELISA | TF levels are associated with VEGF levels but not with clinicopathology | |
| Urogenital tract | |||||
| 69 * | 29 | NA | ELISA | In renal cell carcinoma, tumoral TF expression is lower than the surrounding parenchyma | |
| 18 | NA | mRNA | |||
| Kidney | 70 | 41 | 38 (88.3) | IHC | TF is associated with poor relapse-free and overall survival |
| Prostate | 71 | 67 | 49 (73) | IHC | Tumoral TF is associated with VEGF and MVD |
| 72 | 73 | 55 (75.3) | IHC | Tumoral TF is associated with poor cancer-specific survival | |
| 73 | 93 | 43 (47) | IHC | TF is associated with VEGF expression | |
| 74 | 54 | 38 (70.4) | IHC | TF expression positively correlates with advanced stage and Gleason score | |
| Bladder | 75 | 218 | 142 (77.6) | IHC | TF expression confers a 3.15-fold increased risk for cancer-related death |
| Melanoma | 77 | 86 | 83 (96.5) | IHC | TF does not associate with clinicopathology |
| 76 | 204 | NA> 90% | IHC | TF is associated with Breslow thickness | |
| Glioma | 78 | 44 | 44 (100) | IHC | TF is associated with higher tumor grades |
| 79 | 29 | 19 (65.5) | IHF | TF is associated with higher tumor grades; TF is associated with MVD | |
| Hematologic | 85 | 93 | NA | mRNA | TF mRNA in PBMC is not associated with MVD |
| Type of cancer . | Reference . | No. of tumors . | TF expression by IHC, no. (%) . | Method . | Main findings with respect to TF expression . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | 53 | 115 | 93 (80.8) | IHC | TF expression is associated with well-differentiated epithelia and less lymph node metastases |
| 15 | 40 | 40 (100) | IHC | Increased TF intensity is found in infiltrative ductal carcinoma | |
| 54 | 213 | 193 (90.6) | IHC | TF expression is associated with TF plasma levels and overall survival | |
| 55 | 157 | 61 (31) | IHC | Phosphorylated TF is associated with diminished survival | |
| Lung | 56 | 55 | 46 (84) | IHC | TF expression is associated with metastasis |
| 40 | 21 | NA | mRNA | TF isoforms are up-regulated in cancerous tissue, flTF, and asTF mRNA levels are associated with advanced stage; low asTF mRNA levels are associated with early stage | |
| 12 | 8 (66.7) | IHC | |||
| 11 | NA | ELISA | |||
| 13,14 | 64 | NA | mRNA | TF expression is associated with staging, VEGF, and MVD; high TF mRNA levels are associated with poor survival | |
| 64 | 47 (73.5) | IHC | |||
| 30 | NA | ELISA | |||
| 57 | 39 | 22 (56) | IHC | TF expression is associated with staging, but not with survival | |
| 80 | 57 | NA | mRNA | flTF and asTF mRNA levels are associated with poor survival | |
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Esophagus | 58 | 36 | NA | mRNA | flTF, but not asTF, mRNA levels are up-regulated in tumor tissue |
| 59 | 103 | 94 (91.3) | IHC | TF expression is associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor survival | |
| Stomach | 60 | 207 | 52 (25.1) | IHC | Intestinal-type cancer displayed enhanced TF expression and was associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor overall survival |
| Liver | 61 | 58 | 58 (100) | IHC | TF is associated with MVD, metastasis, and poor overall survival |
| Pancreas | 62 | 55 | 29 (52.7) | IHC | TF is associated with histologic grade and staging |
| 63 | 113 | 100 (88.5) | IHC | TF is associated with staging, metastasis, and overall survival | |
| 64 | 240 | 211 (87.9) | IHC | TF is associated with MVD and thrombosis rate | |
| Colorectum | 65 | 79 | 46 (57) | IHC | TF is associated with staging and metastasis |
| 66 | 100 | 57 (57) | IHC | TF is associated with staging and MVD | |
| 67 | 67 | 31 (46) | IHC | TF is associated with hepatic metastasis | |
| 68 | 50 | NA | ELISA | TF levels are associated with VEGF levels but not with clinicopathology | |
| Urogenital tract | |||||
| 69 * | 29 | NA | ELISA | In renal cell carcinoma, tumoral TF expression is lower than the surrounding parenchyma | |
| 18 | NA | mRNA | |||
| Kidney | 70 | 41 | 38 (88.3) | IHC | TF is associated with poor relapse-free and overall survival |
| Prostate | 71 | 67 | 49 (73) | IHC | Tumoral TF is associated with VEGF and MVD |
| 72 | 73 | 55 (75.3) | IHC | Tumoral TF is associated with poor cancer-specific survival | |
| 73 | 93 | 43 (47) | IHC | TF is associated with VEGF expression | |
| 74 | 54 | 38 (70.4) | IHC | TF expression positively correlates with advanced stage and Gleason score | |
| Bladder | 75 | 218 | 142 (77.6) | IHC | TF expression confers a 3.15-fold increased risk for cancer-related death |
| Melanoma | 77 | 86 | 83 (96.5) | IHC | TF does not associate with clinicopathology |
| 76 | 204 | NA> 90% | IHC | TF is associated with Breslow thickness | |
| Glioma | 78 | 44 | 44 (100) | IHC | TF is associated with higher tumor grades |
| 79 | 29 | 19 (65.5) | IHF | TF is associated with higher tumor grades; TF is associated with MVD | |
| Hematologic | 85 | 93 | NA | mRNA | TF mRNA in PBMC is not associated with MVD |
TF indicates tissue factor; IHC, immunohistochemistry; NA, not applicable; MVD, microvessel density; and IHF, immunohistofluorescence.
In this study, specimens from kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer were combined.