Table 1 Putative roles for BMSCs during... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1

Putative roles for BMSCs during infection

Phase 1: Pathogen and damage signal detection

BMSCs

TLR-mediated modulation of activation and function^{28-32,34-36,54}

Recruitment to site of infection through chemotaxis gradients^52,54,71

Phase 2: Activation of host immune response

BMSC effects on HSCs

Maintenance of quiescent HSC pool^56,57

BM emigration of activated HSCs⁵⁷

BMSC effects on immune effector cells

Mobilization and emigration from BM⁵⁸

Thymic development to augment immune effector cell response^79-82

Phase 3: Pathogen elimination

BMSC effects on pathogen

Production of microbiocidal soluble factors^3,60,61

Containment of infectious pathogen within microenvironment (eg, pathogen phagocytosis)⁶²

Enhance microbiocidal function of immune effector cells^62,83

Phase 4: Induction of pro-inflammatory gradients

BMSC production of immunomodulatory soluble factors

Antioxidant soluble factors (HO-1)^45,46

Anti-inflammatory soluble factors (galectin-1, IDO, IL-10, HGF, HLA-G5, PGE₂, TGFβ, TSG-6)^{2-4,47,52-54,67,72,84}

Phase 5: Modulation of pro-inflammatory host immune response

BMSC-mediated effects on host immune response and on immune-induced damage to the host

Effects on immune effector cell activation, differentiation, function, or migration^{47,52-54,73,75,84}

Augment wound healing, minimize tissue cytotoxicity, or enhance revascularization^62-64,71,72

Modulation of inflammation and organ dysfunction after in vivo infectious challenge^61-64