Selected genes up-regulated by hypoxia in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro
| Gene symbol . | Full name . | Accession no. . | Main function(s) of gene product . | Hypoxic induction (fold change) . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Array 1 (Affymetrix) . | Array 2 (Illumina) . | ||||
| Cytokines and their receptors | |||||
| IL-6*† | IL-6 (interferon, β 2) | NM_000600 | Regulates host defense, acute phase reactions, immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis | 62 | 7 |
| IL-23A* | IL-23, α (subunit p19) | NM_016584 | Subunit of IL-23; regulates T cells and promotes angiogenesis | 31 | 23 |
| IL-1a† | IL-1 α | NM_000575 | Multifunctional, proinflammatory, proangiogenic cytokine | 26 | 12 |
| VEGFA*†‡ | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | NM_003376 | Stimulates angiogenesis and chemotactic for monocytes and other myeloid cells | 14 | 14 |
| TNFA* | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF superfamily, member 2; cachexin) | NM_000594 | Regulates immunity to pathogen, inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis | 11 | 32 |
| WNT5A | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A | NM_003392 | Binds to receptor, frizzled-5 and regulates tumor cell migration/invasion | 11 | 10 |
| IL-12B* | IL-12B (p40 subunit, natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2) | NM_002187 | A subunit of the cytokine, IL-12, which activates T cells; also antiangiogenic factor | 9 | 10 |
| IL-1b*† | IL-1 β | NM_000576 | Multifunctional, proinflammatory, proangiogenic cytokine | 9 | 8 |
| ADM*† | Adrenomedullin | NM_001124 | Vasodilator; also regulates cell responses to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury; proangiogenic cytokine | 8 | 17 |
| TNFAIP6 | Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 6 | NM_007115 | Hyaluronan-binding protein involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration | 5 | 17 |
| MIF* | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | NM_002415 | Pleiotrophic cytokine with multiple effects on inflammation, including immobilizing macrophages | 4 | 4 |
| IL-18* | IL-18 (interferon-γ-inducing factor) | NM_001562 | Proinflammatory cytokine that stimulates T and NK cells to secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) | 3 | 2 |
| IL-8*† | IL-8 | NM_000584 | Proangiogenic and chemoattractant for neutrophils | 2 | 43 |
| EDN1*† | Endothelin 1 | NM_001955 | Vasoconstrictor; regulates vascular homeostasis; chemotactic for monocytes | 2 | 4 |
| CLCF1 | Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (neurotrophin-1) | NM_013246 | IL-6 family protein; stimulates IL-1 via IL-6R and STAT3; also stimulates B-cell functions | 2 | 5 |
| CSF2*† | Colony-stimulating factor 2 (GM-CSF) | NM_000758 | Stimulates stem cells in the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and monocytes | 10 | 9 |
| ANGPT2*† | Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2) | NM_001147 | Proangiogenic cytokine; destabilizes blood vessels; chemoattractant for endothelial cells and Tie2+ monocytes | 2 | 3 |
| Chemokines and their receptors | |||||
| CCL20*† | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (MIP-3) | NM_004591 | Chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils | 34 | 18 |
| CXCL2* | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) 2 (MIP-2a) | NM_002089 | Chemotactic for neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells | 23 | 4 |
| CXCL1* | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) 1 (MSGA-α) | NM_001511 | Chemotactic for neutrophils | 20 | 27 |
| CCR7* | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 | NM_001838 | Receptor for chemokines, CCL19 and CCL21 | 10 | 52 |
| CCL5* | Chemokine (C-C motif) 5 (RANTES) | NM_002985 | Chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils, and basophils; recruits leukocytes to inflammatory sites | 9 | 10 |
| CCL3* | Chemokine (C-C motif) 3 (MIP-1a) | NM_002983 | Recruitment and activation of neutrophils | 3 | 6 |
| CXCR4*† | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 | NM_003467 | Receptor for SDF-1 (CXCL12), which regulates hematopoietic stem and myeloid cell recruitment by tissues; involved in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells; coreceptor for entry of HIV into T cells | 2 | 6 |
| Intracellular enzymes and metabolism | |||||
| EGLN3† | HIF prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) | NM_022073 | One of 3 PHD enzymes that hydroxylates HIFs, resulting in their binding to VHL and degradation; regulates HIF-2α more than HIF-1α | 54 | 12 |
| CA12 | Carbonic anhydrase XII | NM_001218 | Enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide; acidifies extracellular milieu of tumor cells, stimulating their growth/invasion | 32 | 81 |
| ALDOC | Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate | NM_005165 | Glycolytic enzyme; catalyzes the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | 23 | 23 |
| SLC2A5* | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose/fructose transporter), member 5 (GLUT-5) | NM_003039 | Transports fructose and glucose into the cell | 12 | 11 |
| NCF1 | Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 | NM_000265 | Superoxide production | 8 | 6 |
| SLC2A1† | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 (GLUT-1) | NM_006516 | Transports glucose into the cell | 7 | 23 |
| HMOX1*† | Heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | NM_002133 | Essential enzyme in heme catabolism; cleaves heme to form biliverdin | 7 | 4 |
| SLC2A6 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 6 (GLUT-6) | NM_017585 | Transports glucose into the cell | 6 | 3 |
| SLC2A3 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 (GLUT-3) | NM_006931 | Transports glucose into the cell | 5 | 14 |
| PFKFB3 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 | NM_004566 | Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate | 4 | 7 |
| SLC7A5 | Solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 5 | NM_003486 | Involved in cellular amino acid uptake | 3 | 3 |
| PFKP | Phospho-fructokinase | NM_002627 | Glycolytic enzyme | 2 | 3 |
| HK1 | Hexokinase 1 | NM_000188 | Commits glucose to the glycolytic pathway | 2 | 2 |
| ALDOA | Aldolase A | NM_000034 | Glycolytic enzyme; catalyzes the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | 2 | 2 |
| EGLN1*† | HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) | NM_022051 | One of 3 PHD enzymes that hydroxylates HIFs, resulting in their binding to VHL and degradation; regulates HIF-1α more than HIF-2α | 2 | 5 |
| Extracellular enzymes/molecules | |||||
| SERPINE1† | Serpin peptidase inhibitor | NM_000602 | Regulation of fibrinolysis | 7 | 5 |
| ADAM8† | ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 | NM_001109 | Membrane-anchored protein involved cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions | 6 | 5 |
| CFB | Complement factor B | NM_001710 | A component of the alternative pathway of complement activation | 6 | 5 |
| F3*† | Coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor; CD142) | NM_001993 | Cell surface glycoprotein that cleaves prothrombin to thrombin, promoting coagulation | 3 | 7 |
| TIMP1 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | NM_003254 | Inhibits activity of most known MMPs; stimulates proliferation in a wide range of cell types; also antiapoptotic | 2 | 3 |
| MMP7† | Matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, uterine) | NM_002423 | Enzyme with broad substrate specificity in extracellular matrix; promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis | 2 | 2 |
| Cell viability | |||||
| SERPINB2* | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 2 (PAI-2) | NM_002575 | Inhibits serine protease, tissue-type- and urokinase-type plasminogen activator; tPA, uPA; also regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis | 102 | 4 |
| PTGS2 (COX2)*† | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) | NM_000963 | Proinflammatory; stimulates expression of prostanoids | 27 | 8 |
| ENO2 | Enolase 2 | NM_001975 | Glycolytic enzyme | 8 | 10 |
| IGFBP6 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 | NM_002178 | Binds and prolongs the half-life of the IGFs | 4 | 2 |
| BNIP3L | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3-like | NM_004331 | Proapoptotic Bcl family protein | 3 | 5 |
| IER3* | Immediate early response 3 (IEX-2 or DIF-2) | NM_003897 | Regulates growth and apoptosis (inhibits NF-κB-induced apoptosis) | 2 | 13 |
| NRG1* | Neuroregulin 1 | NM_006096 | Growth factor that regulates cell apoptosis and proliferation (protects cells in ischemia) | 2 | 4 |
| Receptors and cell adhesion/signaling | |||||
| DDIT4 | DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DIG2 or REDD-1) | NM_019058 | A stress response gene, an essential regulator of the checkpoint kinase, mTOR | 103 | 54 |
| HIG2 | Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 | NM_001098786 | Growth factor that stimulates tumor cell growth | 12 | 21 |
| NFKB2* | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100) | NM_002502 | Central mediator of noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway in cells | 11 | 3 |
| TRAF1* | TNF receptor-associated factor 1 | NM_005658 | One of the TNFR members; forms a complex with TRAF2 to activate MAPK8/JNK and NF-κB; mediates the antiapoptotic signals from TNF receptors | 9 | 8 |
| ADORA2A*† | Adenosine A2a receptor | NM_000675 | Receptor for adenosine | 8 | 33 |
| TREM1* | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 | NM_018643 | Receptor of Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells; regulates their inflammatory functions | 5 | 6 |
| MAP3K8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | NM_005204 | Cell signaling and cycling | 4 | 6 |
| ADORA2A*† | Adenosine A2a receptor | NM_000675 | Receptor for adenosine | 8 | 33 |
| TREM1* | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 | NM_018643 | Receptor of Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells; regulates their inflammatory functions | 5 | 6 |
| MAP3K8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | NM_005204 | Cell signaling and cycling | 4 | 6 |
| TNS1 | Tensin 1 | NM_022648 | Involved in cell migration and links signal transduction pathways to the cytoskeleton | 3 | 7 |
| TNIP2 | TNFAIP3 interacting protein 2 (ABIN-2) | NM_024309 | Inhibits NF-κ-B activation | 3 | 4 |
| RelA (p65)† | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 3 (p65/RelA) | NM_021975 | Central mediator of canonical NF-κB signaling pathway in cells | 3 | 3 |
| TNFRSF1B | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B (TNF-R2 or CD120b) | NM_001066 | One of 2 main TNFRs (I and II) mediating the effects of TNF-α on cells | 3 | 2 |
| TNFAIP3* | Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3 | NM_006290 | Interacts with NAF1 and inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB-dependent gene expression | 4 | 5 |
| ANPEP | Aminopeptidase M or N (CD13 or APN) | NM_001150 | Zinc-binding metalloprotease | 3 | 2 |
| STAT4† | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 | NM_003151 | Signal transduction and activation of transcription; involved in IL-12 signaling | 4 | 4 |
| STAT6† | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 | NM_003153 | Plays a central role in regulating the alternative (M2) activation of macrophages in response to IL-4 | 4 | 2 |
| ETS2 | v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (ETS2) | NM_005239 | Transcription factor that regulates MMP-9 expression in macrophages and drives mammary tumor progression | 3 | 3 |
| NFKBIE* | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, epsilon | NM_004556 | Inhibits DNA-binding of NF-κB p50-p65 and p50-c-Rel complexes | 2 | 2 |
| NFKBIA*† | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, α | NM_020529 | Inhibits the activity of dimeric NF-κB/REL complexes by trapping REL dimers in the cytoplasm | 2 | 3 |
| IRAK3 | IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 | NM_007199 | Inhibits dissociation of IRAK1 and IRAK4 from the Toll-like receptor signaling complex | 2 | 4 |
| RIPK2 | Receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 | NM_003821 | Apoptosis and activates NF-κB | 2 | 4 |
| Transcription, RNA processing, and translation | |||||
| ERO1L | Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1 (Ero1)-L α | NM_014584 | Endoplasmic reticular enzyme that helps to maintain VEGF secretion under hypoxia | 3 | 6 |
| HSPA1B† | Heat shock 70-kDa protein 1B | NM_005346 | Intracellular enzyme; stabilizes existing proteins against aggregation and mediates the folding of newly translated proteins | 3 | 3 |
| BTG1 | B-cell translocation gene 1 | NM_001731 | Antiproliferative protein | 3 | 2 |
| ELL2 | Elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 | NM_012081 | Increases the catalytic rate of RNA polymerase II transcription | 2 | 2 |
| Gene symbol . | Full name . | Accession no. . | Main function(s) of gene product . | Hypoxic induction (fold change) . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Array 1 (Affymetrix) . | Array 2 (Illumina) . | ||||
| Cytokines and their receptors | |||||
| IL-6*† | IL-6 (interferon, β 2) | NM_000600 | Regulates host defense, acute phase reactions, immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis | 62 | 7 |
| IL-23A* | IL-23, α (subunit p19) | NM_016584 | Subunit of IL-23; regulates T cells and promotes angiogenesis | 31 | 23 |
| IL-1a† | IL-1 α | NM_000575 | Multifunctional, proinflammatory, proangiogenic cytokine | 26 | 12 |
| VEGFA*†‡ | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | NM_003376 | Stimulates angiogenesis and chemotactic for monocytes and other myeloid cells | 14 | 14 |
| TNFA* | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF superfamily, member 2; cachexin) | NM_000594 | Regulates immunity to pathogen, inflammation, apoptosis and proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis | 11 | 32 |
| WNT5A | Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A | NM_003392 | Binds to receptor, frizzled-5 and regulates tumor cell migration/invasion | 11 | 10 |
| IL-12B* | IL-12B (p40 subunit, natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2) | NM_002187 | A subunit of the cytokine, IL-12, which activates T cells; also antiangiogenic factor | 9 | 10 |
| IL-1b*† | IL-1 β | NM_000576 | Multifunctional, proinflammatory, proangiogenic cytokine | 9 | 8 |
| ADM*† | Adrenomedullin | NM_001124 | Vasodilator; also regulates cell responses to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury; proangiogenic cytokine | 8 | 17 |
| TNFAIP6 | Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 6 | NM_007115 | Hyaluronan-binding protein involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration | 5 | 17 |
| MIF* | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | NM_002415 | Pleiotrophic cytokine with multiple effects on inflammation, including immobilizing macrophages | 4 | 4 |
| IL-18* | IL-18 (interferon-γ-inducing factor) | NM_001562 | Proinflammatory cytokine that stimulates T and NK cells to secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) | 3 | 2 |
| IL-8*† | IL-8 | NM_000584 | Proangiogenic and chemoattractant for neutrophils | 2 | 43 |
| EDN1*† | Endothelin 1 | NM_001955 | Vasoconstrictor; regulates vascular homeostasis; chemotactic for monocytes | 2 | 4 |
| CLCF1 | Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (neurotrophin-1) | NM_013246 | IL-6 family protein; stimulates IL-1 via IL-6R and STAT3; also stimulates B-cell functions | 2 | 5 |
| CSF2*† | Colony-stimulating factor 2 (GM-CSF) | NM_000758 | Stimulates stem cells in the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and monocytes | 10 | 9 |
| ANGPT2*† | Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2) | NM_001147 | Proangiogenic cytokine; destabilizes blood vessels; chemoattractant for endothelial cells and Tie2+ monocytes | 2 | 3 |
| Chemokines and their receptors | |||||
| CCL20*† | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (MIP-3) | NM_004591 | Chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils | 34 | 18 |
| CXCL2* | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) 2 (MIP-2a) | NM_002089 | Chemotactic for neutrophils and hematopoietic stem cells | 23 | 4 |
| CXCL1* | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) 1 (MSGA-α) | NM_001511 | Chemotactic for neutrophils | 20 | 27 |
| CCR7* | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 | NM_001838 | Receptor for chemokines, CCL19 and CCL21 | 10 | 52 |
| CCL5* | Chemokine (C-C motif) 5 (RANTES) | NM_002985 | Chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils, and basophils; recruits leukocytes to inflammatory sites | 9 | 10 |
| CCL3* | Chemokine (C-C motif) 3 (MIP-1a) | NM_002983 | Recruitment and activation of neutrophils | 3 | 6 |
| CXCR4*† | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 | NM_003467 | Receptor for SDF-1 (CXCL12), which regulates hematopoietic stem and myeloid cell recruitment by tissues; involved in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells; coreceptor for entry of HIV into T cells | 2 | 6 |
| Intracellular enzymes and metabolism | |||||
| EGLN3† | HIF prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) | NM_022073 | One of 3 PHD enzymes that hydroxylates HIFs, resulting in their binding to VHL and degradation; regulates HIF-2α more than HIF-1α | 54 | 12 |
| CA12 | Carbonic anhydrase XII | NM_001218 | Enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide; acidifies extracellular milieu of tumor cells, stimulating their growth/invasion | 32 | 81 |
| ALDOC | Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate | NM_005165 | Glycolytic enzyme; catalyzes the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | 23 | 23 |
| SLC2A5* | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose/fructose transporter), member 5 (GLUT-5) | NM_003039 | Transports fructose and glucose into the cell | 12 | 11 |
| NCF1 | Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 | NM_000265 | Superoxide production | 8 | 6 |
| SLC2A1† | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 (GLUT-1) | NM_006516 | Transports glucose into the cell | 7 | 23 |
| HMOX1*† | Heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | NM_002133 | Essential enzyme in heme catabolism; cleaves heme to form biliverdin | 7 | 4 |
| SLC2A6 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 6 (GLUT-6) | NM_017585 | Transports glucose into the cell | 6 | 3 |
| SLC2A3 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 (GLUT-3) | NM_006931 | Transports glucose into the cell | 5 | 14 |
| PFKFB3 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 | NM_004566 | Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate | 4 | 7 |
| SLC7A5 | Solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 5 | NM_003486 | Involved in cellular amino acid uptake | 3 | 3 |
| PFKP | Phospho-fructokinase | NM_002627 | Glycolytic enzyme | 2 | 3 |
| HK1 | Hexokinase 1 | NM_000188 | Commits glucose to the glycolytic pathway | 2 | 2 |
| ALDOA | Aldolase A | NM_000034 | Glycolytic enzyme; catalyzes the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | 2 | 2 |
| EGLN1*† | HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) | NM_022051 | One of 3 PHD enzymes that hydroxylates HIFs, resulting in their binding to VHL and degradation; regulates HIF-1α more than HIF-2α | 2 | 5 |
| Extracellular enzymes/molecules | |||||
| SERPINE1† | Serpin peptidase inhibitor | NM_000602 | Regulation of fibrinolysis | 7 | 5 |
| ADAM8† | ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 | NM_001109 | Membrane-anchored protein involved cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions | 6 | 5 |
| CFB | Complement factor B | NM_001710 | A component of the alternative pathway of complement activation | 6 | 5 |
| F3*† | Coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor; CD142) | NM_001993 | Cell surface glycoprotein that cleaves prothrombin to thrombin, promoting coagulation | 3 | 7 |
| TIMP1 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | NM_003254 | Inhibits activity of most known MMPs; stimulates proliferation in a wide range of cell types; also antiapoptotic | 2 | 3 |
| MMP7† | Matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, uterine) | NM_002423 | Enzyme with broad substrate specificity in extracellular matrix; promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis | 2 | 2 |
| Cell viability | |||||
| SERPINB2* | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 2 (PAI-2) | NM_002575 | Inhibits serine protease, tissue-type- and urokinase-type plasminogen activator; tPA, uPA; also regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis | 102 | 4 |
| PTGS2 (COX2)*† | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2) | NM_000963 | Proinflammatory; stimulates expression of prostanoids | 27 | 8 |
| ENO2 | Enolase 2 | NM_001975 | Glycolytic enzyme | 8 | 10 |
| IGFBP6 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 | NM_002178 | Binds and prolongs the half-life of the IGFs | 4 | 2 |
| BNIP3L | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3-like | NM_004331 | Proapoptotic Bcl family protein | 3 | 5 |
| IER3* | Immediate early response 3 (IEX-2 or DIF-2) | NM_003897 | Regulates growth and apoptosis (inhibits NF-κB-induced apoptosis) | 2 | 13 |
| NRG1* | Neuroregulin 1 | NM_006096 | Growth factor that regulates cell apoptosis and proliferation (protects cells in ischemia) | 2 | 4 |
| Receptors and cell adhesion/signaling | |||||
| DDIT4 | DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DIG2 or REDD-1) | NM_019058 | A stress response gene, an essential regulator of the checkpoint kinase, mTOR | 103 | 54 |
| HIG2 | Hypoxia-inducible protein 2 | NM_001098786 | Growth factor that stimulates tumor cell growth | 12 | 21 |
| NFKB2* | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100) | NM_002502 | Central mediator of noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway in cells | 11 | 3 |
| TRAF1* | TNF receptor-associated factor 1 | NM_005658 | One of the TNFR members; forms a complex with TRAF2 to activate MAPK8/JNK and NF-κB; mediates the antiapoptotic signals from TNF receptors | 9 | 8 |
| ADORA2A*† | Adenosine A2a receptor | NM_000675 | Receptor for adenosine | 8 | 33 |
| TREM1* | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 | NM_018643 | Receptor of Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells; regulates their inflammatory functions | 5 | 6 |
| MAP3K8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | NM_005204 | Cell signaling and cycling | 4 | 6 |
| ADORA2A*† | Adenosine A2a receptor | NM_000675 | Receptor for adenosine | 8 | 33 |
| TREM1* | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 | NM_018643 | Receptor of Ig superfamily expressed on human myeloid cells; regulates their inflammatory functions | 5 | 6 |
| MAP3K8 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | NM_005204 | Cell signaling and cycling | 4 | 6 |
| TNS1 | Tensin 1 | NM_022648 | Involved in cell migration and links signal transduction pathways to the cytoskeleton | 3 | 7 |
| TNIP2 | TNFAIP3 interacting protein 2 (ABIN-2) | NM_024309 | Inhibits NF-κ-B activation | 3 | 4 |
| RelA (p65)† | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 3 (p65/RelA) | NM_021975 | Central mediator of canonical NF-κB signaling pathway in cells | 3 | 3 |
| TNFRSF1B | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B (TNF-R2 or CD120b) | NM_001066 | One of 2 main TNFRs (I and II) mediating the effects of TNF-α on cells | 3 | 2 |
| TNFAIP3* | Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3 | NM_006290 | Interacts with NAF1 and inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB-dependent gene expression | 4 | 5 |
| ANPEP | Aminopeptidase M or N (CD13 or APN) | NM_001150 | Zinc-binding metalloprotease | 3 | 2 |
| STAT4† | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 | NM_003151 | Signal transduction and activation of transcription; involved in IL-12 signaling | 4 | 4 |
| STAT6† | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 | NM_003153 | Plays a central role in regulating the alternative (M2) activation of macrophages in response to IL-4 | 4 | 2 |
| ETS2 | v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (ETS2) | NM_005239 | Transcription factor that regulates MMP-9 expression in macrophages and drives mammary tumor progression | 3 | 3 |
| NFKBIE* | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, epsilon | NM_004556 | Inhibits DNA-binding of NF-κB p50-p65 and p50-c-Rel complexes | 2 | 2 |
| NFKBIA*† | Nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, α | NM_020529 | Inhibits the activity of dimeric NF-κB/REL complexes by trapping REL dimers in the cytoplasm | 2 | 3 |
| IRAK3 | IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 | NM_007199 | Inhibits dissociation of IRAK1 and IRAK4 from the Toll-like receptor signaling complex | 2 | 4 |
| RIPK2 | Receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 | NM_003821 | Apoptosis and activates NF-κB | 2 | 4 |
| Transcription, RNA processing, and translation | |||||
| ERO1L | Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1 (Ero1)-L α | NM_014584 | Endoplasmic reticular enzyme that helps to maintain VEGF secretion under hypoxia | 3 | 6 |
| HSPA1B† | Heat shock 70-kDa protein 1B | NM_005346 | Intracellular enzyme; stabilizes existing proteins against aggregation and mediates the folding of newly translated proteins | 3 | 3 |
| BTG1 | B-cell translocation gene 1 | NM_001731 | Antiproliferative protein | 3 | 2 |
| ELL2 | Elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 | NM_012081 | Increases the catalytic rate of RNA polymerase II transcription | 2 | 2 |
Genes shown previously to be regulated by NF-κB (or where the gene promoters contain NF-κB-binding sites).
Gene names that were also shown in the present study to be upregulated by hypoxia using quantitative RT-PCR.
It is currently debatable as to whether the human VEGFA gene is an NF-κB target gene as there is not a well-characterized κB site in its promoter. In mice, there is a putative κB site, but it is not clear whether it is functional.