Genes participating in drug metabolic pathways, multidrug resistance, and DNA repair included in the study
Gene . | Function . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Drug metabolic pathway | ||
| CDA | The enzyme cytidine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine or deoxycytidine to uridine or deoxyuridine, respectively. | Salinas & Wong29 |
| SXR | The human nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) activates cytochrome P450-3A expression in response to a wide variety of xenobiotics and plays a critical role in mediating drug-drug interactions. | Chao et al30 |
| GSTT1 | Glutathione S-transferase (GST) θ 1 (GSTT1) is a member of a superfamily of proteins that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. | Davies et al31 |
| SULT1C2 | Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. | Aplenc & Lange,24 Evans et al,25 Mcleod et al26 |
| Multidrug resistance | ||
| MDR1 | This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. It is responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and often mediates the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. | Illmer et al,28 Kim et al32 |
| Angiogenesis | ||
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major mediator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, may play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of cancer. | Ribatti33 |
| DNA repair | ||
| XPD | The nucleotide excision repair pathway is a mechanism to repair damage to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair and is an integral member of the basal transcription factor BTF2/TFIIH complex. The gene product has ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity and belongs to the RAD3/XPD subfamily of helicases. | Efferth & Volm,19 Gurubhagavatula et al23 |
| XPA | It is involved in damage recognition after XPC/hHR23B. | Efferth & Volm,19 Bosken et al,34 Gu et al,35 Honecker et al36 |
| ERCC1 and ERCC5 | ERCC1 and ERCC5 are two structure specific endonucleases, incise on the 5′ and 3′ sites of the DNA adduct, respectively, to remove the 24-32 base oligonucleotides that contain the lesion. | Efferth & Volm,19 Bosken et al,34 Gu et al,35 Honecker et al36 |
| TOP2A | This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. | Lang et al37 |
Gene . | Function . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Drug metabolic pathway | ||
| CDA | The enzyme cytidine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine or deoxycytidine to uridine or deoxyuridine, respectively. | Salinas & Wong29 |
| SXR | The human nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) activates cytochrome P450-3A expression in response to a wide variety of xenobiotics and plays a critical role in mediating drug-drug interactions. | Chao et al30 |
| GSTT1 | Glutathione S-transferase (GST) θ 1 (GSTT1) is a member of a superfamily of proteins that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. | Davies et al31 |
| SULT1C2 | Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. | Aplenc & Lange,24 Evans et al,25 Mcleod et al26 |
| Multidrug resistance | ||
| MDR1 | This protein is a member of the MDR/TAP subfamily. Members of the MDR/TAP subfamily are involved in multidrug resistance. It is responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells and often mediates the development of resistance to anticancer drugs. | Illmer et al,28 Kim et al32 |
| Angiogenesis | ||
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major mediator of vascular permeability and angiogenesis, may play a pivotal role in mediating the development and progression of cancer. | Ribatti33 |
| DNA repair | ||
| XPD | The nucleotide excision repair pathway is a mechanism to repair damage to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair and is an integral member of the basal transcription factor BTF2/TFIIH complex. The gene product has ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity and belongs to the RAD3/XPD subfamily of helicases. | Efferth & Volm,19 Gurubhagavatula et al23 |
| XPA | It is involved in damage recognition after XPC/hHR23B. | Efferth & Volm,19 Bosken et al,34 Gu et al,35 Honecker et al36 |
| ERCC1 and ERCC5 | ERCC1 and ERCC5 are two structure specific endonucleases, incise on the 5′ and 3′ sites of the DNA adduct, respectively, to remove the 24-32 base oligonucleotides that contain the lesion. | Efferth & Volm,19 Bosken et al,34 Gu et al,35 Honecker et al36 |
| TOP2A | This nuclear enzyme is involved in processes such as chromosome condensation, chromatid separation, and the relief of torsional stress that occurs during DNA transcription and replication. | Lang et al37 |