Novel ROS reducing agents studied in human SCD patients
| Source . | Agent . | Mechanism . | Stage . | Result . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 25 and NCT01179217 | l-glutamine | Changes in NADPH, NO, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox | Phases 2 and 3 | Phase 2: significant changes in both the NADH level and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox potential; phase 3: in progress |
| Ref. 54 | l-arginine | NO production | Phase 2 | Reduces pain intensity |
| NCT01849016 and ref. 55 | N-acetylcysteine | Increases blood glutathione and decreases PS, AGEs, and cell-free hemoglobin | Phase 2 | Patients experienced no painful crises or other significant SCD-related complications during the study period |
| NCT00508027 and refs. 32 and 56 | Simvastatin | Increases NO metabolites and reduces C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 | Phase 2 | Significant levels of protection have been reported |
| NCT00110697 | Deferasirox | Iron chelation | Phase 2 | Reduces vaso-occlusive pain crisis |
| NCT02947100, NCT02525107, NCT02604368, and ref. 57 | Ω-3 fatty acids | ROS reduction | Phases 1/2/3 | Reduces frequency of pain episodes |
| NCT01715480 and ref. 36 | Broccoli sprout homogenate, which contains sulforaphane | Nrf2 induction | Phase 1 | Induces NRF2 target heme oxiginase-1 expression |
| Source . | Agent . | Mechanism . | Stage . | Result . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 25 and NCT01179217 | l-glutamine | Changes in NADPH, NO, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox | Phases 2 and 3 | Phase 2: significant changes in both the NADH level and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox potential; phase 3: in progress |
| Ref. 54 | l-arginine | NO production | Phase 2 | Reduces pain intensity |
| NCT01849016 and ref. 55 | N-acetylcysteine | Increases blood glutathione and decreases PS, AGEs, and cell-free hemoglobin | Phase 2 | Patients experienced no painful crises or other significant SCD-related complications during the study period |
| NCT00508027 and refs. 32 and 56 | Simvastatin | Increases NO metabolites and reduces C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 | Phase 2 | Significant levels of protection have been reported |
| NCT00110697 | Deferasirox | Iron chelation | Phase 2 | Reduces vaso-occlusive pain crisis |
| NCT02947100, NCT02525107, NCT02604368, and ref. 57 | Ω-3 fatty acids | ROS reduction | Phases 1/2/3 | Reduces frequency of pain episodes |
| NCT01715480 and ref. 36 | Broccoli sprout homogenate, which contains sulforaphane | Nrf2 induction | Phase 1 | Induces NRF2 target heme oxiginase-1 expression |
AGE, advanced glycation end-product.