Epidemiologic and clinical features and RBC-D of malaria patients and controls enrolled at Queen Elizabeth Hospital
| . | . | Plasmodium knowlesi . | Plasmodium falciparum . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 15) . | Non-severe (n = 63) . | Severe (n = 19) . | P (severe vs non-severe) . | Non-severe (n = 82) . | Severe (n = 8) . | P (severe vs non-severe) . | ||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 38 (22-45) | 36 (26-52) | 50 (38-61) | .014 | 28 (20-39) | 22 (17-34) | .391 | |
| Range | 19-58 | 16-71 | 20-69 | 13-62 | 13-50 | |||
| Male sex, n (%) | 11 (73) | 47 (75) | 17 (89) | .325 | 64 (78) | 5 (63) | .321 | |
| Parasite count, parasites per µL | 2544 (930-14 056) | 141 689 (39 564-292 007) | <.0001 | 9210 (2154-32 267) | 25 468 (4307-103 852) | .234 | ||
| Parasite stage, % | ||||||||
| Rings | 39 (4-93) | 83 (38-98) | 100 (100-100) | 100 (100-100) | ||||
| Trophozoites | 56 (4-92) | 3 (0-59) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | ||||
| Schizonts | 0 (0-4) | 1 (1-17) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.4 (13.3-15.4)* | 12.9 (12.2-13.7) | 12.8 (11.8-14.3) | .930 | 13.4 (11.3-14.4) | 13.1 (9.1-14.1) | .399 | |
| MCV | 86.3 (79.5-89.1)* | 81.9 (75.1-85.1) | 81.6 (76.6-87.8) | .419 | 80.4 (75.6-85.7) | 78.8 (71.6-84.1) | .523 | |
| Nadir hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.6 (10.7-12.8) | 10.4 (9.1-11.4) | .0009 | 11.8 (10.5-12.8) | 10.1 (8.9-11.6) | .059 | ||
| Platelets × 109/L | 56 (40-83) | 23 (15-33) | <.0001 | 74 (42-134) | 29 (23-56) | .007 | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 88 (75-110) | 129 (113-215) | <.0001 | 87 (72-105) | 113 (76-246) | .158 | ||
| Lactate, µmol/L | 1.17 (0.84-1.39) | 1.67 (1.15-2.30) | .001 | 1.18 (0.92-1.55) | 1.53 (1.2-2.04) | .061 | ||
| Bilirubin, µmol/L | 16 (12-24) | 49 (26-95) | <.0001 | 18 (12-30) | 54 (24-75) | .009 | ||
| RBC-D | ||||||||
| SS 1.7 Pa† | 0.203 (0.178-0.222) | 0.192 (0.168-0.223) | 0.170 (0.157-0.215) | .175 | 0.180 (0.163-0.197) ‡ | 0.195 (0.177-0.214) | .171 | |
| SS 30 Pa§ | 0.583 (0.576-0.590) | 0.551 (0.477-0.569)|| | 0.499 (0.481-0.529)|| | .010 | 0.520 (0.475-0.558)¶ | 0.510 (0.496-0.539)# | .949 | |
| Time from start of antimalarials, h | 4.8 (0-10.1) | 11.0 (4.3-13.6) | .033 | 8.0 (0-13.0) | 2.1 (0-7.4) | .152 | ||
| . | . | Plasmodium knowlesi . | Plasmodium falciparum . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 15) . | Non-severe (n = 63) . | Severe (n = 19) . | P (severe vs non-severe) . | Non-severe (n = 82) . | Severe (n = 8) . | P (severe vs non-severe) . | ||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 38 (22-45) | 36 (26-52) | 50 (38-61) | .014 | 28 (20-39) | 22 (17-34) | .391 | |
| Range | 19-58 | 16-71 | 20-69 | 13-62 | 13-50 | |||
| Male sex, n (%) | 11 (73) | 47 (75) | 17 (89) | .325 | 64 (78) | 5 (63) | .321 | |
| Parasite count, parasites per µL | 2544 (930-14 056) | 141 689 (39 564-292 007) | <.0001 | 9210 (2154-32 267) | 25 468 (4307-103 852) | .234 | ||
| Parasite stage, % | ||||||||
| Rings | 39 (4-93) | 83 (38-98) | 100 (100-100) | 100 (100-100) | ||||
| Trophozoites | 56 (4-92) | 3 (0-59) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | ||||
| Schizonts | 0 (0-4) | 1 (1-17) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.4 (13.3-15.4)* | 12.9 (12.2-13.7) | 12.8 (11.8-14.3) | .930 | 13.4 (11.3-14.4) | 13.1 (9.1-14.1) | .399 | |
| MCV | 86.3 (79.5-89.1)* | 81.9 (75.1-85.1) | 81.6 (76.6-87.8) | .419 | 80.4 (75.6-85.7) | 78.8 (71.6-84.1) | .523 | |
| Nadir hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.6 (10.7-12.8) | 10.4 (9.1-11.4) | .0009 | 11.8 (10.5-12.8) | 10.1 (8.9-11.6) | .059 | ||
| Platelets × 109/L | 56 (40-83) | 23 (15-33) | <.0001 | 74 (42-134) | 29 (23-56) | .007 | ||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 88 (75-110) | 129 (113-215) | <.0001 | 87 (72-105) | 113 (76-246) | .158 | ||
| Lactate, µmol/L | 1.17 (0.84-1.39) | 1.67 (1.15-2.30) | .001 | 1.18 (0.92-1.55) | 1.53 (1.2-2.04) | .061 | ||
| Bilirubin, µmol/L | 16 (12-24) | 49 (26-95) | <.0001 | 18 (12-30) | 54 (24-75) | .009 | ||
| RBC-D | ||||||||
| SS 1.7 Pa† | 0.203 (0.178-0.222) | 0.192 (0.168-0.223) | 0.170 (0.157-0.215) | .175 | 0.180 (0.163-0.197) ‡ | 0.195 (0.177-0.214) | .171 | |
| SS 30 Pa§ | 0.583 (0.576-0.590) | 0.551 (0.477-0.569)|| | 0.499 (0.481-0.529)|| | .010 | 0.520 (0.475-0.558)¶ | 0.510 (0.496-0.539)# | .949 | |
| Time from start of antimalarials, h | 4.8 (0-10.1) | 11.0 (4.3-13.6) | .033 | 8.0 (0-13.0) | 2.1 (0-7.4) | .152 | ||
Data are median (interquartile range [IQR]) unless otherwise indicated.
MCV, mean corpuscular volume; SS, shear stress.
Data were missing for 3 controls.
For difference among controls, non-severe malaria, and severe malaria, using Kruskal-Wallis test P = .227 for P knowlesi and P = .033 for P falciparum.
P = .018 vs controls.
For difference among controls, non-severe malaria, and severe malaria, using Kruskal-Wallis test, P = .0001 for P knowlesi and P = .0002 for P falciparum.
P = .0001 vs controls.
P < .0001 vs controls.
P = .005 vs controls.