Clinical manifestations, risk factors and interventions in pulmonary, cardiac, cardiovascular and renal late complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
| Organ . | Clinical manifestation . | Risk factors . | Intervention . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory tract | Bronchiolitis obliterans Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia Restrictive lung disease | Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) Infection Smoking Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Infection | Treatment of infection GVHD treatment Fractionated radiotherapy Steroids Consider lung transplantation |
| Heart and cardiovascular system | Restrictive or dilated Arrhythmia Autonomic neuropathy | Anthracyclines Mediastinal radiotherapy | Treatment of cardiac insufficiency Pacemaker |
| Cerebrovascular events Cardiovascular events Peripheral vascular events | Cardiovascular risk factors GVHD (?) | Correction of cardiovascular risk factors | |
| Kidney | Nephropathy Nephrotic syndrome | Total body irradiation Chemotherapy (platinum) Nephrotoxic drugs Calcineurin inhibitors GVHD | Control of hypertension Treatment of GVHD Dialysis Consider renal transplantation |
| Organ . | Clinical manifestation . | Risk factors . | Intervention . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory tract | Bronchiolitis obliterans Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia Restrictive lung disease | Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) Infection Smoking Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Infection | Treatment of infection GVHD treatment Fractionated radiotherapy Steroids Consider lung transplantation |
| Heart and cardiovascular system | Restrictive or dilated Arrhythmia Autonomic neuropathy | Anthracyclines Mediastinal radiotherapy | Treatment of cardiac insufficiency Pacemaker |
| Cerebrovascular events Cardiovascular events Peripheral vascular events | Cardiovascular risk factors GVHD (?) | Correction of cardiovascular risk factors | |
| Kidney | Nephropathy Nephrotic syndrome | Total body irradiation Chemotherapy (platinum) Nephrotoxic drugs Calcineurin inhibitors GVHD | Control of hypertension Treatment of GVHD Dialysis Consider renal transplantation |