Table 2.

Levels of evidence.*

*The PED designation indicates the evidence is limited to studies in the pediatric patient population 
I Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial 
II-1 Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization 
II-2 Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case- control analytic studies,
 preferably from more than one center or research group 
II-3 Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. 
 Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments also could be regarded as this type of evidence 
III Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, 
 descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees 
*The PED designation indicates the evidence is limited to studies in the pediatric patient population 
I Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial 
II-1 Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization 
II-2 Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case- control analytic studies,
 preferably from more than one center or research group 
II-3 Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. 
 Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments also could be regarded as this type of evidence 
III Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, 
 descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees 
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