Characteristics of included studies
| Study design (N = 111) | |
| Prospective cohort, n (%) | 21 (19) |
| Retrospective cohort, n (%) | 84 (76) |
| Registered clinical trial, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| Other/unspecified, n (%) | 2 (2) |
| Country income level∗ (N = 109) | |
| Low income, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| Lower-middle income, n (%) | 42 (39) |
| Upper-middle income, n (%) | 63 (58) |
| WHO region∗ (N = 109) | |
| Africa, n (%) | 12 (11) |
| The Americas, n (%) | 33 (30) |
| Eastern Mediterranean, n (%) | 16 (15) |
| Europe, n (%) | 12 (11) |
| Southeast Asia, n (%) | 23 (21) |
| Western Pacific, n (%) | 13 (12) |
| Language (N = 111) | |
| English, n (%) | 98 (88) |
| Spanish, n (%) | 5 (5) |
| Portuguese, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| French, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| Study design (N = 111) | |
| Prospective cohort, n (%) | 21 (19) |
| Retrospective cohort, n (%) | 84 (76) |
| Registered clinical trial, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| Other/unspecified, n (%) | 2 (2) |
| Country income level∗ (N = 109) | |
| Low income, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| Lower-middle income, n (%) | 42 (39) |
| Upper-middle income, n (%) | 63 (58) |
| WHO region∗ (N = 109) | |
| Africa, n (%) | 12 (11) |
| The Americas, n (%) | 33 (30) |
| Eastern Mediterranean, n (%) | 16 (15) |
| Europe, n (%) | 12 (11) |
| Southeast Asia, n (%) | 23 (21) |
| Western Pacific, n (%) | 13 (12) |
| Language (N = 111) | |
| English, n (%) | 98 (88) |
| Spanish, n (%) | 5 (5) |
| Portuguese, n (%) | 4 (4) |
| French, n (%) | 4 (4) |
WHO, World Health Organization.
Two studies collected data from cohorts from multiple countries and were thus not included in country-level data collection per study.