Summary of included studies assessing cortisol in participants with SCD
| Study (year) . | Country . | Age, y . | Sample, n . | Genotypes . | Assay type . | Collection details . | Comparisons and correlates . | Study quality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair cortisol | ||||||||
| Hollister et al28 (2021) | United States | MSCD: 38.9 ± 11.9 | SCD: 73 | SCD: HbSS, HbSC, HbSβ0, HbSβ+ | Enzyme immunoassay | 3-cm sample cut from the posterior vertex of the head, as close to the scalp as possible; time and clinical condition not specified |
| 4 |
| Salivary cortisol | ||||||||
| Kölbel et al29 (2022) | England | MSCD: 19.94 ± 4.8 Range: 9-29 Mcontrol: 19.02 ± 3.8 Range: 11-24 | SCD: 21 Control: 14 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAS, HbAA | Enzyme immunoassay | 4 samples during 1 weekday of the week: waking, 30 minutes after waking, afternoon (2 PM), evening (4 PM), and bedtime |
| 3 |
| Serum cortisol | ||||||||
| Akinlade et al30 (2013)† | Nigeria | Range: 18-40 | SCD: 60 Control: 30 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAA | ELISA | 1 sample collected in steady state in clinic or shortly after inpatient admission for VOC; time not specified |
| 4 |
| Akinlade et al31 (2013) | Nigeria | Msteady: 27.1 ± 6.3 MVOC: 24.9 ± 4.9 | SCD: 60 | SCD: HbSS | ELISA | 1 sample collected in steady state in clinic or shortly after hospital admission for VOC; time not specified |
| 4 |
| Bashir et al32 (1993)† | Jordan | Range: 3-10 | SCD: 21 Control: 22 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAA | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected between 8 AM and 9 AM; clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| El-Sonbaty et al33 (2016)† | Saudi Arabia | MSCD: 10.4 ± 2.7 Range: 6-16 Mcontrol: 9.7 ± 0.2 Range: 6-16 | SCD: 29 Control: 29 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | ELISA | 1 sample collected at 7:30 AM; clinical condition not specified | Control group∗ Hydroxyurea use VOC frequency Clinical and laboratory values | 4 |
| Garadah et al34 (2016)† | Bahrain | MSCD: 21.2 ± 5.7 Range: 12-45 Mcontrol: 20.7 ± 5.8 Range: not specified | SCD: 82 Control: 82 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | Chemiluminescence immunoassay | Number of samples, clinical condition, environment, and time of day not specified | 4 | |
| Groom et al35 (1990) | United States | MSCD: 28.1 ± 3.6 Range: 22-34 | SCD: 9 | SCD: not specified | Solid phase radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected during hospital admission; time of day not specified |
| 4 |
| Hagag et al36 (2015)† | Egypt | MSCD: 13 ± 2.9 Range: 5-17 Mcontrol: 11.7 ± 3.2 Range: 7-17 | SCD: 60 Control: 30 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | ECLIA | 1 sample collected at baseline and 1 sample collected 1 hour after ACTH (synacthen or cosyntropin); time of day and clinical condition not specified |
| 4 |
| Soliman et al38 (1995)† | Oman | MSCD: 7.9 ± 1.1 Range: 5.7-11.5 Mcontrol: 8.1 ± 0.5 Range: 6-11 | SCD: 15 Control: 15 | Not specified | Not specified | 1 sample collected after an 8-hour overnight fast, followed by 1 sample 60 minutes after ACTH (synacthen) |
| 3 |
| Soliman et al37 (1995)† | Oman | MSCD: 8.6 ± 2.9 Range: 4-10 Mcontrol: 7.6 ± 0.07 Range: 4-10 | SCD: 15 Control: 20 | Not specified | Radioimmunoassay | Sample collected between 8 and 9 AM(day of admission) after an 8-hour overnight fast and, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after ACTH (glucagon) |
| 3 |
| Solomon, et al39 (2012) | United States§ | “Adults,” age not specified | SCD: 37 | Not specified | Not specified | 1 sample from inpatient and outpatient laboratory values, with subanalyzes using morning samples (between 4 AM and 8 AM); cosyntropin stimulation tests performed on patients with low cortisol |
| 1 |
| Plasma cortisol | ||||||||
| Adams et al40 (2017) | England§ | Range: 17-77 | SCD: 36 | SCD: HbSS, HbSβ0, HbSOArab | Not specified | 1 sample collected in “early morning”; time and clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al41 (1992)† | Saudi Arabia | Range: 4-50 | SCD: 80 Control: 60 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected; clinical condition and time of day not specified |
| 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al42 (1994)† | Saudi Arabia | Range: 2-15 | SCD: 25 Control: 50 | SCD: HbSβ0 Control: HbAA | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected at least 3 weeks after last transfusion; time of day not specified |
| 3 |
| Grewen et al43 (2012) | United States§ | Not specified | SCD: 20 | SCD: HbSS, HbSC | Not specified | Number of samples, time of day, and clinical condition not specified |
| 2 |
| Osifo et al44 (1988)† | Nigeria§ | Range: 1-16 | SCD: 36 Control1: 36 Control2: 36 | SCD: HbSS Control1: HbAA Control2: HbAS | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected between 8 AM and 9 AM at clinic routine visit |
| 3 |
| Rosenbloom et al45 (1980) | United States | Range: 20-30 | SCD: 7 Control: 4 | SCD: HbSS HbSβ (+/0 unspecified) Control: not specified | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected in the morning (AM), followed by additional samples 30, 60, and 90 minutes after insulin. Additional sample 1 hour after Cortosyn. Clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| Saad and Saad46 (1992)† | Brazil | MSCD: 25.5 Range: 18-38 Mcontrol: 28 Range: 22-35 | SCD: 14 Control: 16 | SCD: “SCA” unspecified Control: not specificized | Radioimmunoassay | Sample collected between 8 and 9 AM, followed by samples collected 30, 60, and 120 minutes after ACTH (corticotropin); clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| Sobngwi et al47 (2018)† | Camero-on | MSCD: 28 ± 5 Range: >18 Mcontrol: 28 ± 5 Range: >18 | SCD: 10 Control: 10 | SCD: not specified Control: HbAA | Immunochemiluminescence | Sample collected after overnight 12-hour fast and 60 minutes after synthetic ACTH (tetracosactide); clinical condition not specified | 5 | |
| Study (year) . | Country . | Age, y . | Sample, n . | Genotypes . | Assay type . | Collection details . | Comparisons and correlates . | Study quality . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair cortisol | ||||||||
| Hollister et al28 (2021) | United States | MSCD: 38.9 ± 11.9 | SCD: 73 | SCD: HbSS, HbSC, HbSβ0, HbSβ+ | Enzyme immunoassay | 3-cm sample cut from the posterior vertex of the head, as close to the scalp as possible; time and clinical condition not specified |
| 4 |
| Salivary cortisol | ||||||||
| Kölbel et al29 (2022) | England | MSCD: 19.94 ± 4.8 Range: 9-29 Mcontrol: 19.02 ± 3.8 Range: 11-24 | SCD: 21 Control: 14 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAS, HbAA | Enzyme immunoassay | 4 samples during 1 weekday of the week: waking, 30 minutes after waking, afternoon (2 PM), evening (4 PM), and bedtime |
| 3 |
| Serum cortisol | ||||||||
| Akinlade et al30 (2013)† | Nigeria | Range: 18-40 | SCD: 60 Control: 30 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAA | ELISA | 1 sample collected in steady state in clinic or shortly after inpatient admission for VOC; time not specified |
| 4 |
| Akinlade et al31 (2013) | Nigeria | Msteady: 27.1 ± 6.3 MVOC: 24.9 ± 4.9 | SCD: 60 | SCD: HbSS | ELISA | 1 sample collected in steady state in clinic or shortly after hospital admission for VOC; time not specified |
| 4 |
| Bashir et al32 (1993)† | Jordan | Range: 3-10 | SCD: 21 Control: 22 | SCD: HbSS Control: HbAA | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected between 8 AM and 9 AM; clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| El-Sonbaty et al33 (2016)† | Saudi Arabia | MSCD: 10.4 ± 2.7 Range: 6-16 Mcontrol: 9.7 ± 0.2 Range: 6-16 | SCD: 29 Control: 29 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | ELISA | 1 sample collected at 7:30 AM; clinical condition not specified | Control group∗ Hydroxyurea use VOC frequency Clinical and laboratory values | 4 |
| Garadah et al34 (2016)† | Bahrain | MSCD: 21.2 ± 5.7 Range: 12-45 Mcontrol: 20.7 ± 5.8 Range: not specified | SCD: 82 Control: 82 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | Chemiluminescence immunoassay | Number of samples, clinical condition, environment, and time of day not specified | 4 | |
| Groom et al35 (1990) | United States | MSCD: 28.1 ± 3.6 Range: 22-34 | SCD: 9 | SCD: not specified | Solid phase radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected during hospital admission; time of day not specified |
| 4 |
| Hagag et al36 (2015)† | Egypt | MSCD: 13 ± 2.9 Range: 5-17 Mcontrol: 11.7 ± 3.2 Range: 7-17 | SCD: 60 Control: 30 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | ECLIA | 1 sample collected at baseline and 1 sample collected 1 hour after ACTH (synacthen or cosyntropin); time of day and clinical condition not specified |
| 4 |
| Soliman et al38 (1995)† | Oman | MSCD: 7.9 ± 1.1 Range: 5.7-11.5 Mcontrol: 8.1 ± 0.5 Range: 6-11 | SCD: 15 Control: 15 | Not specified | Not specified | 1 sample collected after an 8-hour overnight fast, followed by 1 sample 60 minutes after ACTH (synacthen) |
| 3 |
| Soliman et al37 (1995)† | Oman | MSCD: 8.6 ± 2.9 Range: 4-10 Mcontrol: 7.6 ± 0.07 Range: 4-10 | SCD: 15 Control: 20 | Not specified | Radioimmunoassay | Sample collected between 8 and 9 AM(day of admission) after an 8-hour overnight fast and, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after ACTH (glucagon) |
| 3 |
| Solomon, et al39 (2012) | United States§ | “Adults,” age not specified | SCD: 37 | Not specified | Not specified | 1 sample from inpatient and outpatient laboratory values, with subanalyzes using morning samples (between 4 AM and 8 AM); cosyntropin stimulation tests performed on patients with low cortisol |
| 1 |
| Plasma cortisol | ||||||||
| Adams et al40 (2017) | England§ | Range: 17-77 | SCD: 36 | SCD: HbSS, HbSβ0, HbSOArab | Not specified | 1 sample collected in “early morning”; time and clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al41 (1992)† | Saudi Arabia | Range: 4-50 | SCD: 80 Control: 60 | SCD: HbSS Control: not specified | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected; clinical condition and time of day not specified |
| 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al42 (1994)† | Saudi Arabia | Range: 2-15 | SCD: 25 Control: 50 | SCD: HbSβ0 Control: HbAA | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected at least 3 weeks after last transfusion; time of day not specified |
| 3 |
| Grewen et al43 (2012) | United States§ | Not specified | SCD: 20 | SCD: HbSS, HbSC | Not specified | Number of samples, time of day, and clinical condition not specified |
| 2 |
| Osifo et al44 (1988)† | Nigeria§ | Range: 1-16 | SCD: 36 Control1: 36 Control2: 36 | SCD: HbSS Control1: HbAA Control2: HbAS | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected between 8 AM and 9 AM at clinic routine visit |
| 3 |
| Rosenbloom et al45 (1980) | United States | Range: 20-30 | SCD: 7 Control: 4 | SCD: HbSS HbSβ (+/0 unspecified) Control: not specified | Radioimmunoassay | 1 sample collected in the morning (AM), followed by additional samples 30, 60, and 90 minutes after insulin. Additional sample 1 hour after Cortosyn. Clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| Saad and Saad46 (1992)† | Brazil | MSCD: 25.5 Range: 18-38 Mcontrol: 28 Range: 22-35 | SCD: 14 Control: 16 | SCD: “SCA” unspecified Control: not specificized | Radioimmunoassay | Sample collected between 8 and 9 AM, followed by samples collected 30, 60, and 120 minutes after ACTH (corticotropin); clinical condition not specified |
| 3 |
| Sobngwi et al47 (2018)† | Camero-on | MSCD: 28 ± 5 Range: >18 Mcontrol: 28 ± 5 Range: >18 | SCD: 10 Control: 10 | SCD: not specified Control: HbAA | Immunochemiluminescence | Sample collected after overnight 12-hour fast and 60 minutes after synthetic ACTH (tetracosactide); clinical condition not specified | 5 | |