Study quality ratings adapted from the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tools for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies
| Study (year) . | Research question or objective is clear . | Study population is specified and defined . | Participation rate is reported and is ≥50% . | Inclusion and exclusion criteria are clear, and all participants come from the same sample . | Sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates are provided . | Cortisol measure is clearly defined and assessed with valid and reliable methods . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair cortisol | |||||||
| Hollister et al28 (2021) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Salivary cortisol | |||||||
| Kölbel et al29 (2022) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Serum cortisol | |||||||
| Akinlade et al30 (2013) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Akinlade et al31 (2013) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Bashir et al32 (1993) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| El-Sonbaty et al33 (2016) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Garadah et al34 (2016) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Groom et al35 (1990) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Hagag et al36 (2015) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Soliman et al37 (1995) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Soliman et al38 (1995) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Solomon et al39 (2012) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Plasma cortisol | |||||||
| Adams et al40 (2017) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al41 (1992) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al42 (1994) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Grewen et al43 (2012) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Osifo et al44 (1988) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Rosenbloom et al45 (1980) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Saad and Saad46 (1992) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Sobngwi et al47 (2018) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Study (year) . | Research question or objective is clear . | Study population is specified and defined . | Participation rate is reported and is ≥50% . | Inclusion and exclusion criteria are clear, and all participants come from the same sample . | Sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates are provided . | Cortisol measure is clearly defined and assessed with valid and reliable methods . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair cortisol | |||||||
| Hollister et al28 (2021) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Salivary cortisol | |||||||
| Kölbel et al29 (2022) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Serum cortisol | |||||||
| Akinlade et al30 (2013) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Akinlade et al31 (2013) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Bashir et al32 (1993) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| El-Sonbaty et al33 (2016) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Garadah et al34 (2016) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Groom et al35 (1990) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Hagag et al36 (2015) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Soliman et al37 (1995) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Soliman et al38 (1995) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Solomon et al39 (2012) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Plasma cortisol | |||||||
| Adams et al40 (2017) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al41 (1992) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| el-Hazmi et al42 (1994) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Grewen et al43 (2012) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Osifo et al44 (1988) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Rosenbloom et al45 (1980) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Saad and Saad46 (1992) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Sobngwi et al47 (2018) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |