Table 4.

Sensitivity and specificity of caregiver-reported academic, behavioral, and social development for detecting neurocognitive impairment

Neurocognitive impairment >1.5 SD below the normative mean
Score∗ Grade retentionHistory of learning difficultiesAcademic gradesConcerns for learningConcerns for school behaviorConcerns for social developmentDifficulty getting along with peers
SensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificity
VCI†  0.45 0.85 0.62 0.66 0.6 0.64 0.55 0.68 0.24 0.81 0.1 0.93 0.96 0.071 
PRI†  0.4 0.86 0.64 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.49 0.69 0.85 0.2 0.13 0.92 0.072 0.93 
Coding‡  0.31 0.82 0.56 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.7 0.26 0.83 0.16 0.91 0.94 0.072 
Digit span‡  0.45 0.82 0.69 0.63 0.83 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.26 0.82 0.17 0.9 0.97 0.076 
Letter word§  0.5 0.84 0.77 0.67 0.74 0.64 0.75 0.71 0.22 0.84 0.11 0.9 0.075 0.93 
Math fluency§  0.37 0.89 0.59 0.72 0.58 0.67 0.56 0.75 0.22 0.85 0.15 0.93 0.084 0.93 
≥2 impairments||  0.42 0.90 0.64 0.77 0.62 0.73 0.53 0.75 0.21 0.84 0.95 0.07 0.97 0.08 
Neurocognitive impairment >1 SD below the normative mean 
Score∗  Grade retention History of learning difficulties Academic grades Concerns for learning Concerns for school behavior Concerns for social development Difficulty getting along with peers 
Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity 
VCI†  0.43 0.91 0.56 0.69 0.61 0.69 0.48 0.70 0.21 0.81 0.11 0.94 0.93 0.068 
PRI†  0.31 0.91 0.46 0.68 0.51 0.68 0.42 0.72 0.83 0.20 0.91 0.089 0.093 0.95 
Coding‡  0.34 0.86 0.49 0.64 0.56 0.63 0.47 0.70 0.22 0.83 0.14 0.91 0.93 0.073 
Digit span‡  0.39 0.84 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.70 0.21 0.82 0.17 0.91 0.94 0.075 
Letter word§  0.42 0.88 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.71 0.61 0.74 0.22 0.85 0.14 0.91 0.10 0.94 
Math fluency§  0.33 0.92 0.55 0.78 0.57 0.73 0.49 0.78 0.20 0.85 0.13 0.93 0.082 0.93 
≥2 impairments||  0.32 0.96 0.47 0.79 0.52 0.82 0.41 0.77 0.84 0.18 0.07 0.94 0.07 0.93 
Neurocognitive impairment >1.5 SD below the normative mean
Score∗ Grade retentionHistory of learning difficultiesAcademic gradesConcerns for learningConcerns for school behaviorConcerns for social developmentDifficulty getting along with peers
SensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificitySensitivitySpecificity
VCI†  0.45 0.85 0.62 0.66 0.6 0.64 0.55 0.68 0.24 0.81 0.1 0.93 0.96 0.071 
PRI†  0.4 0.86 0.64 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.49 0.69 0.85 0.2 0.13 0.92 0.072 0.93 
Coding‡  0.31 0.82 0.56 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.7 0.26 0.83 0.16 0.91 0.94 0.072 
Digit span‡  0.45 0.82 0.69 0.63 0.83 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.26 0.82 0.17 0.9 0.97 0.076 
Letter word§  0.5 0.84 0.77 0.67 0.74 0.64 0.75 0.71 0.22 0.84 0.11 0.9 0.075 0.93 
Math fluency§  0.37 0.89 0.59 0.72 0.58 0.67 0.56 0.75 0.22 0.85 0.15 0.93 0.084 0.93 
≥2 impairments||  0.42 0.90 0.64 0.77 0.62 0.73 0.53 0.75 0.21 0.84 0.95 0.07 0.97 0.08 
Neurocognitive impairment >1 SD below the normative mean 
Score∗  Grade retention History of learning difficulties Academic grades Concerns for learning Concerns for school behavior Concerns for social development Difficulty getting along with peers 
Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity 
VCI†  0.43 0.91 0.56 0.69 0.61 0.69 0.48 0.70 0.21 0.81 0.11 0.94 0.93 0.068 
PRI†  0.31 0.91 0.46 0.68 0.51 0.68 0.42 0.72 0.83 0.20 0.91 0.089 0.093 0.95 
Coding‡  0.34 0.86 0.49 0.64 0.56 0.63 0.47 0.70 0.22 0.83 0.14 0.91 0.93 0.073 
Digit span‡  0.39 0.84 0.59 0.65 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.70 0.21 0.82 0.17 0.91 0.94 0.075 
Letter word§  0.42 0.88 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.71 0.61 0.74 0.22 0.85 0.14 0.91 0.10 0.94 
Math fluency§  0.33 0.92 0.55 0.78 0.57 0.73 0.49 0.78 0.20 0.85 0.13 0.93 0.082 0.93 
≥2 impairments||  0.32 0.96 0.47 0.79 0.52 0.82 0.41 0.77 0.84 0.18 0.07 0.94 0.07 0.93 
∗

Scaled scores with mean (SD) of 10 (3): Coding, Digit Span Total; standard scores with a mean (SD) of 100 (15): VCI, PRI, Letter Word, Math Fluency.

†

Measured with WASI-II.

‡

Measured with WAIS-IV or WISC-IV/V.

§

Measured with WJ-III/IV.

||

Participants were classified as having significant or mild neurocognitive impairment if they performed >1.5 or >1 SD below the normative data on ≥2 out of 6 neurocognitive measures, respectively.

View Large
Close Modal
This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal