Infant and maternal outcomes at delivery by arm
| . | Daily . | Alternate . | Three times a week . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy outcome, n/N (%) | ||||
| Livebirth | 83/86 (96.5) | 93/95 (97.9) | 91/92 (98.9) | 267/273 (97.8) |
| Miscarriage (defined as spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 24 wk) | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Termination of pregnancy | 1/86 (1.2) | 0/95 (0.0) | 1/92 (1.1) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Stillbirth (defined as birth of baby on or after 24 wk gestation with no signs of life) | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 0/92 (0.0) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||
| No. reported | 84 | 94 | 91 | 269 |
| Median (IQR) | 3355 (3040-3630) | 3355 (3024-3670) | 3410 (3075-3738) | 3372 (3060-3682) |
| Range | 970-4770 | 1595-4404 | 1450-4540 | 970-4770 |
| Gestational age (wk) | ||||
| No. reported | 82 | 91 | 90 | 263 |
| Median (IQR) | 39.8 (39.1-40.6) | 39.4 (38.6-40.3) | 39.3 (38.6-40.3) | 39.4 (38.7-40.3) |
| Range | 32-42 | 31.9-41.9 | 34.0-42.4 | 31.9-42.4 |
| Infant sex, n/N (%) | ||||
| Male | 39/86 (45.3) | 48/95 (50.5) | 44/92 (47.8) | 131/273 (48.0) |
| Female | 45/86 (52.3) | 46/95 (48.4) | 47/92 (51.1) | 138/273 (50.5) |
| Missing | 2/86 (2.3) | 1/95 (1.1) | 1/92 (1.1) | 4/273 (1.5) |
| Mode of infant care immediately after delivery, n/N (%) | ||||
| With mother, normal care | 80/86 (93.0) | 89/95 (93.7) | 82/92 (89.1) | 251/273 (91.9) |
| Transitional care | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 2/92 (2.2) | 4/273 (1.5) |
| Special care | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 4/92 (4.3) | 6/273 (2.2) |
| High-dependency care | 1/86 (1.2) | 2/95 (2.1) | 3/92 (3.3) | 6/273 (2.2) |
| Intensive care | 1/86 (1.2) | 0/95 (0.0) | 0/92 (0.0) | 1/273 (0.4) |
| Missing | 2/86 (2.3) | 2/95 (2.1) | 1/92 (1.1) | 5/273 (1.8) |
| Estimated maternal blood loss (mL) | ||||
| No. reported | 86 | 95 | 91 | 272 |
| Median (IQR) | 400 (200-650) | 400 (300-610) | 450 (300-700) | 400 (300-650) |
| Categorical summary, n/N (%) | ||||
| <500 mL | 50/86 (58.1) | 55/95 (57.9) | 48/91 (52.7) | 153/272 (56.3) |
| 500-999 mL | 27/86 (31.4) | 33/95 (34.7) | 32/91 (35.2) | 92/272 (33.8) |
| 1000-1499 mL | 4/86 (4.7) | 4/95 (4.2) | 4/91 (4.4) | 12/272 (4.4) |
| ≥1500 mL | 5/86 (5.8) | 3/95 (3.2) | 7/91 (7.7) | 15/272 (5.5) |
| Maternal prescription of treatment iron, n/N (%) | ||||
| Between week 28 and delivery | 6/55 (10.9) | 5/60 (8.3) | 10/58 (17.2) | 21/173 (12.1) |
| Prescription of oral iron after the birth | 14/86 (16.3) | 14/95 (14.7) | 21/91 (23.1) | 49/272 (18.0) |
| Intravenous iron infusion before discharge | 3/86 (3.5) | 0/95 (0.0) | 0/91 (0.0) | 3/272 (1.1) |
| Breastfeeding status at discharge from maternity care, n/N (%) | ||||
| Exclusively breastfeeding | 41/86 (47.7) | 51/95 (53.7) | 52/92 (56.5) | 144/273 (52.7) |
| Mixed feeding (breast and formula milk) | 14/86 (16.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 10/92 (10.9) | 40/273 (14.7) |
| Only formula milk | 27/86 (31.4) | 25/95 (26.3) | 29/92 (31.5) | 81/273 (29.7) |
| Missing | 4/86 (4.7) | 3/95 (3.2) | 1/92 (1.1) | 8/273 (2.9) |
| Type of labor, n/N (%) | ||||
| Spontaneous | 36/86 (41.9) | 47/95 (49.5) | 34/92 (37.0) | 117/273 (42.9) |
| Induced | 44/86 (51.2) | 37/95 (38.9) | 43/92 (46.7) | 124/273 (45.4) |
| Missing | 6/86 (7.0) | 11/95 (11.6) | 15/92 (16.3) | 32/273 (11.7) |
| Mode of delivery, n/N (%) | ||||
| Normal vaginal delivery | 46/86 (53.5) | 50/95 (52.6) | 33/92 (35.9) | 129/273 (47.3) |
| Emergency cesarean delivery | 14/86 (16.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 16/92 (17.4) | 46/273 (16.8) |
| Elective cesarean delivery | 9/86 (10.5) | 16/95 (16.8) | 24/92 (26.1) | 49/273 (17.9) |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 17/86 (19.8) | 13/95 (13.7) | 18/92 (19.6) | 48/273 (17.6) |
| Missing | 0/86 (0.0) | 0/95 (0.0) | 1/92 (1.1) | 1/273 (0.4) |
| PPH, n/N (%) | ||||
| Cause of PPH | 20/86 (23.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 21/90 (23.3) | 57/271 (21.0) |
| Atonic uterus | 3/20 (15.0) | 2/16 (12.5) | 7/21 (33.3) | 12/57 (21.1) |
| Retained placenta | 1/20 (5.0) | 0/16 (0.0) | 1/21 (4.8) | 2/57 (3.5) |
| Placental fragments | 1/20 (5.0) | 1/16 (6.3) | 0/21 (0.0) | 2/57 (3.5) |
| Trauma | 14/20 (70.0) | 9/16 (56.3) | 11/21 (52.4) | 34/57 (59.6) |
| Cause missing | 1/20 (5.0) | 4/16 (25.0) | 2/21 (9.5) | 7/57 (12.3) |
| Mother admitted to higher level of care, n/N (%) | ||||
| Type of higher level of care | 0/86 (0.0) | 6/95 (6.3) | 4/91 (4.4) | 10/272 (3.7) |
| Enhanced maternity care | - | 3/6 (50.0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 4/10 (40.0) |
| High-dependency unit (level 2) | - | 3/6 (50.0) | 2/4 (50.0) | 5/10 (50.0) |
| Intensive treatment unit (level 3) | - | 0/6 (0.0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 1/10 (10.0) |
| . | Daily . | Alternate . | Three times a week . | Total . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy outcome, n/N (%) | ||||
| Livebirth | 83/86 (96.5) | 93/95 (97.9) | 91/92 (98.9) | 267/273 (97.8) |
| Miscarriage (defined as spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 24 wk) | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Termination of pregnancy | 1/86 (1.2) | 0/95 (0.0) | 1/92 (1.1) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Stillbirth (defined as birth of baby on or after 24 wk gestation with no signs of life) | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 0/92 (0.0) | 2/273 (0.7) |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||
| No. reported | 84 | 94 | 91 | 269 |
| Median (IQR) | 3355 (3040-3630) | 3355 (3024-3670) | 3410 (3075-3738) | 3372 (3060-3682) |
| Range | 970-4770 | 1595-4404 | 1450-4540 | 970-4770 |
| Gestational age (wk) | ||||
| No. reported | 82 | 91 | 90 | 263 |
| Median (IQR) | 39.8 (39.1-40.6) | 39.4 (38.6-40.3) | 39.3 (38.6-40.3) | 39.4 (38.7-40.3) |
| Range | 32-42 | 31.9-41.9 | 34.0-42.4 | 31.9-42.4 |
| Infant sex, n/N (%) | ||||
| Male | 39/86 (45.3) | 48/95 (50.5) | 44/92 (47.8) | 131/273 (48.0) |
| Female | 45/86 (52.3) | 46/95 (48.4) | 47/92 (51.1) | 138/273 (50.5) |
| Missing | 2/86 (2.3) | 1/95 (1.1) | 1/92 (1.1) | 4/273 (1.5) |
| Mode of infant care immediately after delivery, n/N (%) | ||||
| With mother, normal care | 80/86 (93.0) | 89/95 (93.7) | 82/92 (89.1) | 251/273 (91.9) |
| Transitional care | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 2/92 (2.2) | 4/273 (1.5) |
| Special care | 1/86 (1.2) | 1/95 (1.1) | 4/92 (4.3) | 6/273 (2.2) |
| High-dependency care | 1/86 (1.2) | 2/95 (2.1) | 3/92 (3.3) | 6/273 (2.2) |
| Intensive care | 1/86 (1.2) | 0/95 (0.0) | 0/92 (0.0) | 1/273 (0.4) |
| Missing | 2/86 (2.3) | 2/95 (2.1) | 1/92 (1.1) | 5/273 (1.8) |
| Estimated maternal blood loss (mL) | ||||
| No. reported | 86 | 95 | 91 | 272 |
| Median (IQR) | 400 (200-650) | 400 (300-610) | 450 (300-700) | 400 (300-650) |
| Categorical summary, n/N (%) | ||||
| <500 mL | 50/86 (58.1) | 55/95 (57.9) | 48/91 (52.7) | 153/272 (56.3) |
| 500-999 mL | 27/86 (31.4) | 33/95 (34.7) | 32/91 (35.2) | 92/272 (33.8) |
| 1000-1499 mL | 4/86 (4.7) | 4/95 (4.2) | 4/91 (4.4) | 12/272 (4.4) |
| ≥1500 mL | 5/86 (5.8) | 3/95 (3.2) | 7/91 (7.7) | 15/272 (5.5) |
| Maternal prescription of treatment iron, n/N (%) | ||||
| Between week 28 and delivery | 6/55 (10.9) | 5/60 (8.3) | 10/58 (17.2) | 21/173 (12.1) |
| Prescription of oral iron after the birth | 14/86 (16.3) | 14/95 (14.7) | 21/91 (23.1) | 49/272 (18.0) |
| Intravenous iron infusion before discharge | 3/86 (3.5) | 0/95 (0.0) | 0/91 (0.0) | 3/272 (1.1) |
| Breastfeeding status at discharge from maternity care, n/N (%) | ||||
| Exclusively breastfeeding | 41/86 (47.7) | 51/95 (53.7) | 52/92 (56.5) | 144/273 (52.7) |
| Mixed feeding (breast and formula milk) | 14/86 (16.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 10/92 (10.9) | 40/273 (14.7) |
| Only formula milk | 27/86 (31.4) | 25/95 (26.3) | 29/92 (31.5) | 81/273 (29.7) |
| Missing | 4/86 (4.7) | 3/95 (3.2) | 1/92 (1.1) | 8/273 (2.9) |
| Type of labor, n/N (%) | ||||
| Spontaneous | 36/86 (41.9) | 47/95 (49.5) | 34/92 (37.0) | 117/273 (42.9) |
| Induced | 44/86 (51.2) | 37/95 (38.9) | 43/92 (46.7) | 124/273 (45.4) |
| Missing | 6/86 (7.0) | 11/95 (11.6) | 15/92 (16.3) | 32/273 (11.7) |
| Mode of delivery, n/N (%) | ||||
| Normal vaginal delivery | 46/86 (53.5) | 50/95 (52.6) | 33/92 (35.9) | 129/273 (47.3) |
| Emergency cesarean delivery | 14/86 (16.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 16/92 (17.4) | 46/273 (16.8) |
| Elective cesarean delivery | 9/86 (10.5) | 16/95 (16.8) | 24/92 (26.1) | 49/273 (17.9) |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 17/86 (19.8) | 13/95 (13.7) | 18/92 (19.6) | 48/273 (17.6) |
| Missing | 0/86 (0.0) | 0/95 (0.0) | 1/92 (1.1) | 1/273 (0.4) |
| PPH, n/N (%) | ||||
| Cause of PPH | 20/86 (23.3) | 16/95 (16.8) | 21/90 (23.3) | 57/271 (21.0) |
| Atonic uterus | 3/20 (15.0) | 2/16 (12.5) | 7/21 (33.3) | 12/57 (21.1) |
| Retained placenta | 1/20 (5.0) | 0/16 (0.0) | 1/21 (4.8) | 2/57 (3.5) |
| Placental fragments | 1/20 (5.0) | 1/16 (6.3) | 0/21 (0.0) | 2/57 (3.5) |
| Trauma | 14/20 (70.0) | 9/16 (56.3) | 11/21 (52.4) | 34/57 (59.6) |
| Cause missing | 1/20 (5.0) | 4/16 (25.0) | 2/21 (9.5) | 7/57 (12.3) |
| Mother admitted to higher level of care, n/N (%) | ||||
| Type of higher level of care | 0/86 (0.0) | 6/95 (6.3) | 4/91 (4.4) | 10/272 (3.7) |
| Enhanced maternity care | - | 3/6 (50.0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 4/10 (40.0) |
| High-dependency unit (level 2) | - | 3/6 (50.0) | 2/4 (50.0) | 5/10 (50.0) |
| Intensive treatment unit (level 3) | - | 0/6 (0.0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 1/10 (10.0) |
Note that participants who have fully withdrawn or have been lost to follow-up before the delivery visit were excluded from this table (unless delivery data have been reported from patient notes for those lost to follow-up).
IQR, interquartile range; PPH, postpartum hemorrhage.