Association between daily food intake of plant-based food groups, estimated from 24-hour DR data, and overall, LRMGUS, and IHRMGUS in 1779 participants in the case-control study of dietary characteristics and MGUS in NHANES
| Food group∗ . | n (%) . | OR (95% CI)†,‡,§ . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MGUS . | LRMGUS . | IHRMGUS . | Non-MGUS . | MGUS . | LRMGUS . | IHRMGUS . | |
| Dry beans, peas, other legumes, nuts, and seeds, g/d | |||||||
| None | 260 (69.7) | 110 (69.6) | 126 (70.0) | 999 (71.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1.0-63.3) | 59 (15.8) | 28 (17.7) | 26 (14.4) | 203 (14.4) | 1.14 (0.82-1.57) | 1.29 (0.83-2.02) | 1.01 (0.64-1.60) |
| Q2 (64.0-758.0) | 54 (14.5) | 20 (12.7) | 28 (15.6) | 204 (14.5) | 1.04 (0.74-1.47) | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) | 1.09 (0.69-1.72) |
| Grain products, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-133.0) | 138 (37.0) | 57 (36.1) | 68 (37.8) | 466 (33.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| T2 (134.0-289.6) | 120 (32.2) | 52 (32.9) | 56 (31.1) | 472 (33.6) | 0.87 (0.65-1.15) | 0.92 (0.61-1.38) | 0.80 (0.54-1.18) |
| T3 (290.0-1932.0) | 115 (30.8) | 49 (31.0) | 56 (31.1) | 468 (33.3) | 0.83 (0.61-1.12) | 0.89 (0.58-1.38) | 0.76 (0.51-1.15) |
| Whole-wheat bread, whole oats, and brown rice, g/d | |||||||
| None | 285 (76.4) | 125 (79.1) | 130 (72.2) | 1045 (74.3) | ref | ref|| | ref |
| Q1 (7-51.9) | 50 (13.4) | 21 (13.3) | 28 (15.6) | 155 (11.0) | 1.18 (0.83-1.67) | 1.17 (0.71-1.91) | 1.42 (0.91-2.22) |
| Q2 (52-847.1) | 38 (10.2) | 120 (7.6) | 22 (12.2) | 206 (14.7) | 0.70 (0.48-1.00)¶ | 0.51 (0.28-0.93)¶ | 0.87 (0.54-1.40) |
| Fruits (excluding juice) and vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-159.0) | 146 (39.1) | 62 (39.2) | 68 (37.8) | 470 (33.4) | ref|| | ref | ref |
| T2 (159.7-367.1) | 126 (33.8) | 55 (34.8) | 61 (33.9) | 468 (33.3) | 0.88 (0.67-1.16) | 0.90 (0.61-1.33) | 0.91 (0.62-1.33) |
| T3 (368.0-2420.0) | 101 (27.1) | 41 (26.0) | 51 (28.3) | 468 (33.3) | 0.69 (0.52-0.93)¶ | 0.67 (0.44-1.03) | 0.73 (0.49-1.10) |
| Fruits (excluding juice), g/d | |||||||
| None | 185 (49.6) | 80 (50.6) | 86 (47.8) | 678 (48.2) | ref | ref | ref. |
| Q1 (2.0-155.5) | 110 (29.5) | 52 (32.9) | 51 (28.3) | 364 (25.9) | 1.09 (0.83-1.43) | 1.21 (0.83-1.77) | 1.05 (0.72-1.54) |
| Q2 (156.0-1998.0) | 78 (20.9) | 26 (16.5) | 43 (23.9) | 364 (25.9) | 0.78 (0.58-1.06) | 0.62 (0.38-0.99)¶ | 0.90 (0.60-1.35) |
| Vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-81.0) | 144 (38.6) | 56 (35.4) | 72 (40.0) | 468 (33.3) | ref | ref | ref |
| T2 (82.0-253.0) | 122 (32.7) | 57 (36.1) | 54 (30.0) | 470 (33.4) | 0.84 (0.64-1.12) | 1.02 (0.69-1.52) | 0.73 (0.50-1.07) |
| T3 (253.1-1928.0) | 107 (28.7) | 45 (28.5) | 54 (30.0) | 468 (33.3) | 0.75 (0.56-0.99)¶ | 0.82 (0.54-1.25) | 0.73 (0.49-1.08) |
| Tomatoes, g/d | |||||||
| None | 242 (64.9) | 101 (63.9) | 115 (63.9) | 863 (61.4) | ref|| | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1-46) | 78 (20.9) | 38 (24.1) | 36 (20.0) | 275 (19.6) | 1.03 (0.77-1.39) | 1.18 (0.79-1.76) | 1.05 (0.70-1.58) |
| Q2 (47-568) | 53 (14.2) | 19 (12.0) | 29 (16.1) | 268 (19.1) | 0.72 (0.51-1.00)¶ | 0.61 (0.36-1.02) | 0.83 (0.53-1.29) |
| Cruciferous vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| None | 307 (82.3) | 129 (81.7) | 150 (83.3) | 1126 (80.1) | ref|| | ref | ref|| |
| Q1 (0.6-112.5) | 49 (13.1) | 17 (10.8) | 26 (14.4) | 139 (9.9) | 1.30 (0.91-1.84) | 1.06 (0.63-1.81) | 1.43 (0.90-2.25) |
| Q2 (113-856) | 17 (4.6) | 12 (7.6) | 4 (2.2) | 141 (10.0) | 0.44 (0.26-0.74)¶ | 0.77 (0.42-1.41) | 0.22 (0.09-0.57)¶ |
| Fruit juice and nectar, g/d | |||||||
| None | 256 (68.6) | 110 (69.6) | 119 (66.1) | 950 (67.6) | ref | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1.0-202.3) | 62 (16.6) | 27 (17.1) | 31 (17.2) | 229 (16.3) | 1.00 (0.73-1.38) | 1.04 (0.66-1.65) | 1.05 (0.68-1.63) |
| Q2 (203.1-1365.0) | 55 (14.8) | 21 (13.3) | 20 (16.7) | 227 (16.2) | 0.89 (0.64-1.23) | 0.81 (0.50-1.33) | 1.00 (0.65-1.55) |
| Food group∗ . | n (%) . | OR (95% CI)†,‡,§ . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MGUS . | LRMGUS . | IHRMGUS . | Non-MGUS . | MGUS . | LRMGUS . | IHRMGUS . | |
| Dry beans, peas, other legumes, nuts, and seeds, g/d | |||||||
| None | 260 (69.7) | 110 (69.6) | 126 (70.0) | 999 (71.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1.0-63.3) | 59 (15.8) | 28 (17.7) | 26 (14.4) | 203 (14.4) | 1.14 (0.82-1.57) | 1.29 (0.83-2.02) | 1.01 (0.64-1.60) |
| Q2 (64.0-758.0) | 54 (14.5) | 20 (12.7) | 28 (15.6) | 204 (14.5) | 1.04 (0.74-1.47) | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) | 1.09 (0.69-1.72) |
| Grain products, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-133.0) | 138 (37.0) | 57 (36.1) | 68 (37.8) | 466 (33.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| T2 (134.0-289.6) | 120 (32.2) | 52 (32.9) | 56 (31.1) | 472 (33.6) | 0.87 (0.65-1.15) | 0.92 (0.61-1.38) | 0.80 (0.54-1.18) |
| T3 (290.0-1932.0) | 115 (30.8) | 49 (31.0) | 56 (31.1) | 468 (33.3) | 0.83 (0.61-1.12) | 0.89 (0.58-1.38) | 0.76 (0.51-1.15) |
| Whole-wheat bread, whole oats, and brown rice, g/d | |||||||
| None | 285 (76.4) | 125 (79.1) | 130 (72.2) | 1045 (74.3) | ref | ref|| | ref |
| Q1 (7-51.9) | 50 (13.4) | 21 (13.3) | 28 (15.6) | 155 (11.0) | 1.18 (0.83-1.67) | 1.17 (0.71-1.91) | 1.42 (0.91-2.22) |
| Q2 (52-847.1) | 38 (10.2) | 120 (7.6) | 22 (12.2) | 206 (14.7) | 0.70 (0.48-1.00)¶ | 0.51 (0.28-0.93)¶ | 0.87 (0.54-1.40) |
| Fruits (excluding juice) and vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-159.0) | 146 (39.1) | 62 (39.2) | 68 (37.8) | 470 (33.4) | ref|| | ref | ref |
| T2 (159.7-367.1) | 126 (33.8) | 55 (34.8) | 61 (33.9) | 468 (33.3) | 0.88 (0.67-1.16) | 0.90 (0.61-1.33) | 0.91 (0.62-1.33) |
| T3 (368.0-2420.0) | 101 (27.1) | 41 (26.0) | 51 (28.3) | 468 (33.3) | 0.69 (0.52-0.93)¶ | 0.67 (0.44-1.03) | 0.73 (0.49-1.10) |
| Fruits (excluding juice), g/d | |||||||
| None | 185 (49.6) | 80 (50.6) | 86 (47.8) | 678 (48.2) | ref | ref | ref. |
| Q1 (2.0-155.5) | 110 (29.5) | 52 (32.9) | 51 (28.3) | 364 (25.9) | 1.09 (0.83-1.43) | 1.21 (0.83-1.77) | 1.05 (0.72-1.54) |
| Q2 (156.0-1998.0) | 78 (20.9) | 26 (16.5) | 43 (23.9) | 364 (25.9) | 0.78 (0.58-1.06) | 0.62 (0.38-0.99)¶ | 0.90 (0.60-1.35) |
| Vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| T1 (0.0-81.0) | 144 (38.6) | 56 (35.4) | 72 (40.0) | 468 (33.3) | ref | ref | ref |
| T2 (82.0-253.0) | 122 (32.7) | 57 (36.1) | 54 (30.0) | 470 (33.4) | 0.84 (0.64-1.12) | 1.02 (0.69-1.52) | 0.73 (0.50-1.07) |
| T3 (253.1-1928.0) | 107 (28.7) | 45 (28.5) | 54 (30.0) | 468 (33.3) | 0.75 (0.56-0.99)¶ | 0.82 (0.54-1.25) | 0.73 (0.49-1.08) |
| Tomatoes, g/d | |||||||
| None | 242 (64.9) | 101 (63.9) | 115 (63.9) | 863 (61.4) | ref|| | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1-46) | 78 (20.9) | 38 (24.1) | 36 (20.0) | 275 (19.6) | 1.03 (0.77-1.39) | 1.18 (0.79-1.76) | 1.05 (0.70-1.58) |
| Q2 (47-568) | 53 (14.2) | 19 (12.0) | 29 (16.1) | 268 (19.1) | 0.72 (0.51-1.00)¶ | 0.61 (0.36-1.02) | 0.83 (0.53-1.29) |
| Cruciferous vegetables, g/d | |||||||
| None | 307 (82.3) | 129 (81.7) | 150 (83.3) | 1126 (80.1) | ref|| | ref | ref|| |
| Q1 (0.6-112.5) | 49 (13.1) | 17 (10.8) | 26 (14.4) | 139 (9.9) | 1.30 (0.91-1.84) | 1.06 (0.63-1.81) | 1.43 (0.90-2.25) |
| Q2 (113-856) | 17 (4.6) | 12 (7.6) | 4 (2.2) | 141 (10.0) | 0.44 (0.26-0.74)¶ | 0.77 (0.42-1.41) | 0.22 (0.09-0.57)¶ |
| Fruit juice and nectar, g/d | |||||||
| None | 256 (68.6) | 110 (69.6) | 119 (66.1) | 950 (67.6) | ref | ref | ref |
| Q1 (1.0-202.3) | 62 (16.6) | 27 (17.1) | 31 (17.2) | 229 (16.3) | 1.00 (0.73-1.38) | 1.04 (0.66-1.65) | 1.05 (0.68-1.63) |
| Q2 (203.1-1365.0) | 55 (14.8) | 21 (13.3) | 20 (16.7) | 227 (16.2) | 0.89 (0.64-1.23) | 0.81 (0.50-1.33) | 1.00 (0.65-1.55) |
ref, reference.
Unindented categories are primary USDA food groups, except “fruits (excluding juice)” and “fruit juice and nectar,” which, taken together, form the primary USDA group “fruits”; and “fruits (excluding juice) and vegetables,” which combines “fruits (excluding juice)” and the primary food group “vegetables.” Indented categories are custom food groups.
Adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, and total daily energy intake.
ORs of MGUS, LRMGUS, and IHRMGUS, all relative to those of controls (non-MGUS).
Significance of overall category based on P trend.
P trend < 0.05.
Statistical significance.