Potential causes of OP in HCT recipients that are unrelated to GVHD
| Causes . | Example . |
|---|---|
| Infection | |
| Bacterial | Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Fungi | Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii |
| Protozoa | Plasmodium vivax, Dirofilaria immitis |
| Viral∗ | Adenovirus,46 cytomegalovirus,47-49 human herpesvirus 6,50 parainfluenza virus,46,47,51 rhinovirus,46 respiratory syncytial virus5 |
| Inhalation injury | |
| Aspiration | Aspiration of gastric content |
| Toxic chemical or substance | Electronic nicotine delivery systems with adulterated products |
| Drug toxicity† | |
| Antimicrobial | Amphotericin, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin |
| Antiepileptics | Carbamazepine, phenytoin |
| Cardiovascular drug | Amiodarone, β-adrenergic blockers |
| Immunotherapy | Bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, trastuzumab |
| Autoimmune diseases | |
| Connective tissue disease | Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease |
| Thyroiditis | |
| Vasculitis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| Malignancy | |
| Hematological | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Lung cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma |
| Miscellaneous | Chest radiation, lung infarct |
| Causes . | Example . |
|---|---|
| Infection | |
| Bacterial | Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Fungi | Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii |
| Protozoa | Plasmodium vivax, Dirofilaria immitis |
| Viral∗ | Adenovirus,46 cytomegalovirus,47-49 human herpesvirus 6,50 parainfluenza virus,46,47,51 rhinovirus,46 respiratory syncytial virus5 |
| Inhalation injury | |
| Aspiration | Aspiration of gastric content |
| Toxic chemical or substance | Electronic nicotine delivery systems with adulterated products |
| Drug toxicity† | |
| Antimicrobial | Amphotericin, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin |
| Antiepileptics | Carbamazepine, phenytoin |
| Cardiovascular drug | Amiodarone, β-adrenergic blockers |
| Immunotherapy | Bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, trastuzumab |
| Autoimmune diseases | |
| Connective tissue disease | Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease |
| Thyroiditis | |
| Vasculitis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| Malignancy | |
| Hematological | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Lung cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma |
| Miscellaneous | Chest radiation, lung infarct |
List of virus-induced OPs in HCT populations reported in literature.
Refer to www.pneumotox.com for a comprehensive list.