Adjusted RRs (95% CI) of annual health care encounters and expenditure outcomes between utilizer groups
| Commercial . | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Super-utilizers vs low-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs moderate-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs high-utilizers . |
| Total expenditure | 43.46 (41.03-46.03) | 9.92 (10.55-9.33) | 3.79 (4.05-3.54) |
| Inpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 39.99 (34.81-45.96) | 6.01 (6.58-5.49) | 2.45 (2.67-2.26) |
| Expenditure | 27.65 (25.74-29.71) | 9.86 (10.51-9.25) | 3.68 (3.94-3.44) |
| Outpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 5.60 (5.29-5.92) | 3.02 (3.21-2.84) | 1.85 (1.98-1.74) |
| Expenditure | 25.41 (23.64-27.30) | 8.76 (9.47-8.10) | 3.75 (4.09-3.45) |
| ED | |||
| No. of encounters | 8.49 (7.63-9.44) | 3.58 (3.99-3.21) | 2.19 (2.46-1.95) |
| Expenditure | 7.38 (6.62-8.23) | 3.66 (4.11-3.27) | 2.15 (2.44-1.90) |
| Commercial . | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Super-utilizers vs low-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs moderate-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs high-utilizers . |
| Total expenditure | 43.46 (41.03-46.03) | 9.92 (10.55-9.33) | 3.79 (4.05-3.54) |
| Inpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 39.99 (34.81-45.96) | 6.01 (6.58-5.49) | 2.45 (2.67-2.26) |
| Expenditure | 27.65 (25.74-29.71) | 9.86 (10.51-9.25) | 3.68 (3.94-3.44) |
| Outpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 5.60 (5.29-5.92) | 3.02 (3.21-2.84) | 1.85 (1.98-1.74) |
| Expenditure | 25.41 (23.64-27.30) | 8.76 (9.47-8.10) | 3.75 (4.09-3.45) |
| ED | |||
| No. of encounters | 8.49 (7.63-9.44) | 3.58 (3.99-3.21) | 2.19 (2.46-1.95) |
| Expenditure | 7.38 (6.62-8.23) | 3.66 (4.11-3.27) | 2.15 (2.44-1.90) |
| Medicare . | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Super-utilizers vs low-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs moderate-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs high-utilizers . |
| Total expenditure | 13.37 (12.68-14.09) | 3.51 (3.71-3.33) | 1.86 (1.97-1.75) |
| Inpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 8.91 (8.45-9.39) | 2.69 (2.81-2.58) | 1.59 (1.66-1.53) |
| Expenditure | 12.69 (12.04-13.39) | 3.84 (4.05-3.64) | 2.05 (2.17-1.93) |
| Outpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 2.75 (2.57-2.93) | 1.60 (1.71-1.50) | 1.21 (1.30-1.13) |
| Expenditure | 12.30 (11.14-13.57) | 3.02 (3.34-2.73) | 1.47 (1.63-1.32) |
| ED | |||
| No. of encounters | 7.07 (6.46-7.74) | 3.34 (3.66-3.05) | 1.78 (1.96-1.62) |
| Expenditure | 8.25 (7.55-9.02) | 3.74 (4.10-3.42) | 1.97 (2.17-1.79) |
| Medicare . | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Super-utilizers vs low-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs moderate-utilizers . | Super-utilizers vs high-utilizers . |
| Total expenditure | 13.37 (12.68-14.09) | 3.51 (3.71-3.33) | 1.86 (1.97-1.75) |
| Inpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 8.91 (8.45-9.39) | 2.69 (2.81-2.58) | 1.59 (1.66-1.53) |
| Expenditure | 12.69 (12.04-13.39) | 3.84 (4.05-3.64) | 2.05 (2.17-1.93) |
| Outpatient | |||
| No. of encounters | 2.75 (2.57-2.93) | 1.60 (1.71-1.50) | 1.21 (1.30-1.13) |
| Expenditure | 12.30 (11.14-13.57) | 3.02 (3.34-2.73) | 1.47 (1.63-1.32) |
| ED | |||
| No. of encounters | 7.07 (6.46-7.74) | 3.34 (3.66-3.05) | 1.78 (1.96-1.62) |
| Expenditure | 8.25 (7.55-9.02) | 3.74 (4.10-3.42) | 1.97 (2.17-1.79) |
Low-utilizers: bottom 50% of costs; moderate-utilizers: top 25% to 49.9% of costs; high-utilizers: top 10% to 24.9% of costs; super-utilizers: top 10% of costs.