Not an inclusive list. Available evidence reported the effects of various drugs that inhibit or induce P-gp or CYP3A4 on DOAC pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under the plasma concentration time curve, maximal plasma DOAC concentration, and DOAC half-life. In general, these parameters are increased by P-gp or CYP3A4 inhibitors and decreased by inducers. No studies have reported different rates of bleeding, thromboembolism, or mortality between DOACs and a comparator (eg, VKA). Reference texts on tertiary drug interaction generally suggested observing patients for symptoms of bleeding or thromboembolism and to consider adjusting DOAC doses. Depending on the specific DOAC, product labeling in some cases suggested modification of DOAC dosing (eg, apixaban) or recommended avoiding the use of DOACs when interacting drugs were coprescribed (eg, rivaroxaban).