Table 4.

Univariate and multivariate analyses on primary end point

CharacteristicsVentricular hyperexcitability (n = 22)No ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 78)P in univariateP in multivariateOR (95% CI)
Demographic and clinical      
Men 18 (81) 30 (34) <.001 .02 4.3(1.1-18.2) 
Age (y) 46.2 ± 11.6 46.1± 12.8 .9   
Body mass index (kg/m222.6 ± 3.8 24.6 ± 4.4 .053   
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 134.6 ± 22.8 129.9 ± 16.1 .3   
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 80.7 ± 13.7 74.5 ± 9.7 .018 .8  
Heart rate (bpm) 72 ± 14 72 ± 12 .8   
Oxygen saturation (%) (n = 89) 95 (93-97) 95 (93-97) .7   
Recurrent chest pain, n (%) 5 (23) 16 (21) .8   
Dyspnea, n (%) 9 (41) 22 (28) .1   
Daily palpitations, n (%) 12 (54) 27 (35) .09   
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)      
Arterial hypertension 14 (64) 53 (60.2) .7   
Diabetes 4 (4.5) .3   
Dyslipidemia —   
Obesity 1 (4.5) 6 (6.8) .6   
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 1 (4.5) 10 (11.3) .3   
Chronic kidney disease  10 (45) 25 (32) .2   
Active smoking 3 (13.6) 9 (10.2) .8   
Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) 6 (27.2) 22 (25) .9   
Treatment of SCD, n (%)      
Hydroxyurea 12 (54.5) 49 (55.7) .5   
Erythrocytapheresis 0 (0) 6 (6.8) .2   
Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis 4 (18.2) 17 (19.3) .7   
Bloodletting 0 (0) 1 (1.1) —   
Biological characteristics      
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 8.8 ± 1.7 8.6 ± 1.4 .5   
Hemoglobin F under HU, % (n = 82) 11.9 ± 9.3 13.4 ± 10.1 .6   
Leukocytes (G/L) 7.7 ± 2.5 7.8 ± 2.6 .9   
Platelets (G/L) 226 ± 96 316 ± 130 .003 .02 0.99(0.986-0.998) 
Potassium (mmol/L) 4.1 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.5 .12   
Creatinine (μmol/L) 84 (53-127) 63 (52-88) .9   
GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73 m294 (82-119) 103 (86-119) .6   
ASAT (IU/L) 43 (34-59) 45 (33-60) .9   
ALAT (IU/L) 23 (21-33) 23 (18-37) .8   
LDH (IU/L) 433 (357-598) 490 (367-600) .8   
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) 32 (22-33) 29 (18-37) .6   
Free bilirubin (μmol/L) 25 (14-39) 20 (18-46) .8   
Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) 387 (85-626) 142 (70-284) .14   
Nt Pro-BNP ≥ 160 ng/L, n (%) 15 (68) 34 (44) .047 .08  
Troponin T (Hs) (ng/L) 7 (4-9) 5 (3-10) .9   
Echocardiography data      
LV function and remodeling      
LVEF in Simpson Biplane (%) 56 ± 6.3 58.1 ± 5.6 .13   
GLS (%) −16.0 ± 1.9 −18.3 ± 2.7 <.001 .02 1.4(1.02-1.9) 
Cardiac output (L/min) 6.4 ± 1.6 6.5 ± 1.7 .8   
Indexed LV volume (mL/m294.7 ± 29.3 79.5 ± 19.3 .01 .5  
Indexed LV mass (g/m2128.4 ± 51.7 105.1 ± 31.3 .02 .8  
Diastolic function      
E (cm/s) 92 ± 23 85 ± 19 .16   
EDT (ms) 181 ± 36 195 ± 49 .2   
A (cm/s) 60 ± 20 64 ± 19 .4   
E/A 1.4 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.9 .03 .07  
E' lateral (cm/s) 12.5 ± 3.9 12.8 ± 3.7 .8   
E/E' lateral 8.4 ± 3.7 7.6 ± 2.6 .3   
Indexed LA volume (mL/m260.3 ±25.9 56.4 ± 17.7 .4   
RV function and right pressures      
TAPSE (mm) 24 ± 5 26 ± 5 .2   
S-wave (cm/s) 14.7 ± 2.6 14.2 ± 1.8 .4   
TRV (m/s) 2.7 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 .2   
TRV ≥ 3 m/s 5 (23) 13 (17) .6   
Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) 130 ± 33 134 ± 31 .6   
Indexed tricuspid ring diameter (mm/m220.3 ± 2.5 19.1 ± 3.4 .2   
RV end-diastolic area (cm222.2 ± 6.5 20.6 ±4.6 .2   
Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm221.5 ± 6.2 19.7 ± 5.1 .2   
Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) 35 ± 9.8 32 ± 8.2 .12   
Right atrium pressure (mmHg) 4.2 ± 2.8 4.3 ± 2.3 .3   
Rhythmological characteristics      
Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) 412 ± 29 418 ± 26 .4   
Corrected QT > 440 ms, n (%) 3 (14) 13 (17) .7   
PR duration (ms) 164 ± 22 168 ± 24 .5   
QRS complex (ms) 93 ± 18 91 ± 15 .5   
LVH criteria, n (%) 6 (27) 13 (17) .2   
Heart rate (bpm) 71 ± 14 72 ± 12 .8   
Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) 8 (36) 30 (34) 0.8   
Beta-blockers 8 (36) 28 (32) 0.9   
Cordarone —   
Flecaine —   
24h-Holter results      
Atrial data      
Total PACs 103 (19-542) 31.5 (5-174) .9   
Walking test data (n = 78)      
Test performed, n (%) 18 (82) 60 (68) —   
Walking distance (m) 515 (415-560) 475 (415-555) .9   
Percentage of predicted distance (%) 79 (66-84) 77 (68-89) .9   
Baseline saturation 95 (93-97) 95 (93-97) .7   
Average saturation 89 (84-92) 91 (87-95) .3   
Minimum saturation 82 (69-87) 86 (80-91) .004   
Percentage of time spent <88% (%) 23 (2-57) 2 (0-58) .09   
CharacteristicsVentricular hyperexcitability (n = 22)No ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 78)P in univariateP in multivariateOR (95% CI)
Demographic and clinical      
Men 18 (81) 30 (34) <.001 .02 4.3(1.1-18.2) 
Age (y) 46.2 ± 11.6 46.1± 12.8 .9   
Body mass index (kg/m222.6 ± 3.8 24.6 ± 4.4 .053   
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 134.6 ± 22.8 129.9 ± 16.1 .3   
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 80.7 ± 13.7 74.5 ± 9.7 .018 .8  
Heart rate (bpm) 72 ± 14 72 ± 12 .8   
Oxygen saturation (%) (n = 89) 95 (93-97) 95 (93-97) .7   
Recurrent chest pain, n (%) 5 (23) 16 (21) .8   
Dyspnea, n (%) 9 (41) 22 (28) .1   
Daily palpitations, n (%) 12 (54) 27 (35) .09   
Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)      
Arterial hypertension 14 (64) 53 (60.2) .7   
Diabetes 4 (4.5) .3   
Dyslipidemia —   
Obesity 1 (4.5) 6 (6.8) .6   
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 1 (4.5) 10 (11.3) .3   
Chronic kidney disease  10 (45) 25 (32) .2   
Active smoking 3 (13.6) 9 (10.2) .8   
Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) 6 (27.2) 22 (25) .9   
Treatment of SCD, n (%)      
Hydroxyurea 12 (54.5) 49 (55.7) .5   
Erythrocytapheresis 0 (0) 6 (6.8) .2   
Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis 4 (18.2) 17 (19.3) .7   
Bloodletting 0 (0) 1 (1.1) —   
Biological characteristics      
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 8.8 ± 1.7 8.6 ± 1.4 .5   
Hemoglobin F under HU, % (n = 82) 11.9 ± 9.3 13.4 ± 10.1 .6   
Leukocytes (G/L) 7.7 ± 2.5 7.8 ± 2.6 .9   
Platelets (G/L) 226 ± 96 316 ± 130 .003 .02 0.99(0.986-0.998) 
Potassium (mmol/L) 4.1 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.5 .12   
Creatinine (μmol/L) 84 (53-127) 63 (52-88) .9   
GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73 m294 (82-119) 103 (86-119) .6   
ASAT (IU/L) 43 (34-59) 45 (33-60) .9   
ALAT (IU/L) 23 (21-33) 23 (18-37) .8   
LDH (IU/L) 433 (357-598) 490 (367-600) .8   
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) 32 (22-33) 29 (18-37) .6   
Free bilirubin (μmol/L) 25 (14-39) 20 (18-46) .8   
Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) 387 (85-626) 142 (70-284) .14   
Nt Pro-BNP ≥ 160 ng/L, n (%) 15 (68) 34 (44) .047 .08  
Troponin T (Hs) (ng/L) 7 (4-9) 5 (3-10) .9   
Echocardiography data      
LV function and remodeling      
LVEF in Simpson Biplane (%) 56 ± 6.3 58.1 ± 5.6 .13   
GLS (%) −16.0 ± 1.9 −18.3 ± 2.7 <.001 .02 1.4(1.02-1.9) 
Cardiac output (L/min) 6.4 ± 1.6 6.5 ± 1.7 .8   
Indexed LV volume (mL/m294.7 ± 29.3 79.5 ± 19.3 .01 .5  
Indexed LV mass (g/m2128.4 ± 51.7 105.1 ± 31.3 .02 .8  
Diastolic function      
E (cm/s) 92 ± 23 85 ± 19 .16   
EDT (ms) 181 ± 36 195 ± 49 .2   
A (cm/s) 60 ± 20 64 ± 19 .4   
E/A 1.4 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.9 .03 .07  
E' lateral (cm/s) 12.5 ± 3.9 12.8 ± 3.7 .8   
E/E' lateral 8.4 ± 3.7 7.6 ± 2.6 .3   
Indexed LA volume (mL/m260.3 ±25.9 56.4 ± 17.7 .4   
RV function and right pressures      
TAPSE (mm) 24 ± 5 26 ± 5 .2   
S-wave (cm/s) 14.7 ± 2.6 14.2 ± 1.8 .4   
TRV (m/s) 2.7 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 .2   
TRV ≥ 3 m/s 5 (23) 13 (17) .6   
Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) 130 ± 33 134 ± 31 .6   
Indexed tricuspid ring diameter (mm/m220.3 ± 2.5 19.1 ± 3.4 .2   
RV end-diastolic area (cm222.2 ± 6.5 20.6 ±4.6 .2   
Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm221.5 ± 6.2 19.7 ± 5.1 .2   
Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) 35 ± 9.8 32 ± 8.2 .12   
Right atrium pressure (mmHg) 4.2 ± 2.8 4.3 ± 2.3 .3   
Rhythmological characteristics      
Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) 412 ± 29 418 ± 26 .4   
Corrected QT > 440 ms, n (%) 3 (14) 13 (17) .7   
PR duration (ms) 164 ± 22 168 ± 24 .5   
QRS complex (ms) 93 ± 18 91 ± 15 .5   
LVH criteria, n (%) 6 (27) 13 (17) .2   
Heart rate (bpm) 71 ± 14 72 ± 12 .8   
Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) 8 (36) 30 (34) 0.8   
Beta-blockers 8 (36) 28 (32) 0.9   
Cordarone —   
Flecaine —   
24h-Holter results      
Atrial data      
Total PACs 103 (19-542) 31.5 (5-174) .9   
Walking test data (n = 78)      
Test performed, n (%) 18 (82) 60 (68) —   
Walking distance (m) 515 (415-560) 475 (415-555) .9   
Percentage of predicted distance (%) 79 (66-84) 77 (68-89) .9   
Baseline saturation 95 (93-97) 95 (93-97) .7   
Average saturation 89 (84-92) 91 (87-95) .3   
Minimum saturation 82 (69-87) 86 (80-91) .004   
Percentage of time spent <88% (%) 23 (2-57) 2 (0-58) .09   

Univariate analyses used the analysis of variance test for quantitative variables and the χ2 test for qualitative variables. A significance level P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression on univariate significant values (in bold): they appear in red when statistically significant (P < .05) and the OR is then indicated with the 95% CI. Values in boldface denote significant P values in univariate analysis.

GFR < 90 mL/min per 1.73m2 according to CKD-EPI.

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