Univariate and multivariate analyses on primary end point
| Characteristics . | Ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 22) . | No ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 78) . | P in univariate . | P in multivariate . | OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |||||
| Men | 18 (81) | 30 (34) | <.001 | .02 | 4.3(1.1-18.2) |
| Age (y) | 46.2 ± 11.6 | 46.1± 12.8 | .9 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.8 | 24.6 ± 4.4 | .053 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.6 ± 22.8 | 129.9 ± 16.1 | .3 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.7 ± 13.7 | 74.5 ± 9.7 | .018 | .8 | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72 ± 14 | 72 ± 12 | .8 | ||
| Oxygen saturation (%) (n = 89) | 95 (93-97) | 95 (93-97) | .7 | ||
| Recurrent chest pain, n (%) | 5 (23) | 16 (21) | .8 | ||
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 9 (41) | 22 (28) | .1 | ||
| Daily palpitations, n (%) | 12 (54) | 27 (35) | .09 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Arterial hypertension | 14 (64) | 53 (60.2) | .7 | ||
| Diabetes | 0 | 4 (4.5) | .3 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1 | 0 | — | ||
| Obesity | 1 (4.5) | 6 (6.8) | .6 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 1 (4.5) | 10 (11.3) | .3 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease∗ | 10 (45) | 25 (32) | .2 | ||
| Active smoking | 3 (13.6) | 9 (10.2) | .8 | ||
| Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) | 6 (27.2) | 22 (25) | .9 | ||
| Treatment of SCD, n (%) | |||||
| Hydroxyurea | 12 (54.5) | 49 (55.7) | .5 | ||
| Erythrocytapheresis | 0 (0) | 6 (6.8) | .2 | ||
| Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis | 4 (18.2) | 17 (19.3) | .7 | ||
| Bloodletting | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | — | ||
| Biological characteristics | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | .5 | ||
| Hemoglobin F under HU, % (n = 82) | 11.9 ± 9.3 | 13.4 ± 10.1 | .6 | ||
| Leukocytes (G/L) | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | .9 | ||
| Platelets (G/L) | 226 ± 96 | 316 ± 130 | .003 | .02 | 0.99(0.986-0.998) |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | .12 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 84 (53-127) | 63 (52-88) | .9 | ||
| GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 94 (82-119) | 103 (86-119) | .6 | ||
| ASAT (IU/L) | 43 (34-59) | 45 (33-60) | .9 | ||
| ALAT (IU/L) | 23 (21-33) | 23 (18-37) | .8 | ||
| LDH (IU/L) | 433 (357-598) | 490 (367-600) | .8 | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 32 (22-33) | 29 (18-37) | .6 | ||
| Free bilirubin (μmol/L) | 25 (14-39) | 20 (18-46) | .8 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) | 387 (85-626) | 142 (70-284) | .14 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP ≥ 160 ng/L, n (%) | 15 (68) | 34 (44) | .047 | .08 | |
| Troponin T (Hs) (ng/L) | 7 (4-9) | 5 (3-10) | .9 | ||
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| LV function and remodeling | |||||
| LVEF in Simpson Biplane (%) | 56 ± 6.3 | 58.1 ± 5.6 | .13 | ||
| GLS (%) | −16.0 ± 1.9 | −18.3 ± 2.7 | <.001 | .02 | 1.4(1.02-1.9) |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | .8 | ||
| Indexed LV volume (mL/m2) | 94.7 ± 29.3 | 79.5 ± 19.3 | .01 | .5 | |
| Indexed LV mass (g/m2) | 128.4 ± 51.7 | 105.1 ± 31.3 | .02 | .8 | |
| Diastolic function | |||||
| E (cm/s) | 92 ± 23 | 85 ± 19 | .16 | ||
| EDT (ms) | 181 ± 36 | 195 ± 49 | .2 | ||
| A (cm/s) | 60 ± 20 | 64 ± 19 | .4 | ||
| E/A | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | .03 | .07 | |
| E' lateral (cm/s) | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 12.8 ± 3.7 | .8 | ||
| E/E' lateral | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | .3 | ||
| Indexed LA volume (mL/m2) | 60.3 ±25.9 | 56.4 ± 17.7 | .4 | ||
| RV function and right pressures | |||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 24 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | .2 | ||
| S-wave (cm/s) | 14.7 ± 2.6 | 14.2 ± 1.8 | .4 | ||
| TRV (m/s) | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | .2 | ||
| TRV ≥ 3 m/s | 5 (23) | 13 (17) | .6 | ||
| Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) | 130 ± 33 | 134 ± 31 | .6 | ||
| Indexed tricuspid ring diameter (mm/m2) | 20.3 ± 2.5 | 19.1 ± 3.4 | .2 | ||
| RV end-diastolic area (cm2) | 22.2 ± 6.5 | 20.6 ±4.6 | .2 | ||
| Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm2) | 21.5 ± 6.2 | 19.7 ± 5.1 | .2 | ||
| Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 35 ± 9.8 | 32 ± 8.2 | .12 | ||
| Right atrium pressure (mmHg) | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | .3 | ||
| Rhythmological characteristics | |||||
| Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) | 412 ± 29 | 418 ± 26 | .4 | ||
| Corrected QT > 440 ms, n (%) | 3 (14) | 13 (17) | .7 | ||
| PR duration (ms) | 164 ± 22 | 168 ± 24 | .5 | ||
| QRS complex (ms) | 93 ± 18 | 91 ± 15 | .5 | ||
| LVH criteria, n (%) | 6 (27) | 13 (17) | .2 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71 ± 14 | 72 ± 12 | .8 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) | 8 (36) | 30 (34) | 0.8 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 8 (36) | 28 (32) | 0.9 | ||
| Cordarone | 0 | 1 | — | ||
| Flecaine | 0 | 1 | — | ||
| 24h-Holter results | |||||
| Atrial data | |||||
| Total PACs | 103 (19-542) | 31.5 (5-174) | .9 | ||
| Walking test data (n = 78) | |||||
| Test performed, n (%) | 18 (82) | 60 (68) | — | ||
| Walking distance (m) | 515 (415-560) | 475 (415-555) | .9 | ||
| Percentage of predicted distance (%) | 79 (66-84) | 77 (68-89) | .9 | ||
| Baseline saturation | 95 (93-97) | 95 (93-97) | .7 | ||
| Average saturation | 89 (84-92) | 91 (87-95) | .3 | ||
| Minimum saturation | 82 (69-87) | 86 (80-91) | .004 | ||
| Percentage of time spent <88% (%) | 23 (2-57) | 2 (0-58) | .09 |
| Characteristics . | Ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 22) . | No ventricular hyperexcitability (n = 78) . | P in univariate . | P in multivariate . | OR (95% CI) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | |||||
| Men | 18 (81) | 30 (34) | <.001 | .02 | 4.3(1.1-18.2) |
| Age (y) | 46.2 ± 11.6 | 46.1± 12.8 | .9 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.8 | 24.6 ± 4.4 | .053 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.6 ± 22.8 | 129.9 ± 16.1 | .3 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.7 ± 13.7 | 74.5 ± 9.7 | .018 | .8 | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72 ± 14 | 72 ± 12 | .8 | ||
| Oxygen saturation (%) (n = 89) | 95 (93-97) | 95 (93-97) | .7 | ||
| Recurrent chest pain, n (%) | 5 (23) | 16 (21) | .8 | ||
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 9 (41) | 22 (28) | .1 | ||
| Daily palpitations, n (%) | 12 (54) | 27 (35) | .09 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Arterial hypertension | 14 (64) | 53 (60.2) | .7 | ||
| Diabetes | 0 | 4 (4.5) | .3 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1 | 0 | — | ||
| Obesity | 1 (4.5) | 6 (6.8) | .6 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | 1 (4.5) | 10 (11.3) | .3 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease∗ | 10 (45) | 25 (32) | .2 | ||
| Active smoking | 3 (13.6) | 9 (10.2) | .8 | ||
| Thromboembolic history (PE/DVT) | 6 (27.2) | 22 (25) | .9 | ||
| Treatment of SCD, n (%) | |||||
| Hydroxyurea | 12 (54.5) | 49 (55.7) | .5 | ||
| Erythrocytapheresis | 0 (0) | 6 (6.8) | .2 | ||
| Hydroxyurea + erythrocytapheresis | 4 (18.2) | 17 (19.3) | .7 | ||
| Bloodletting | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | — | ||
| Biological characteristics | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | .5 | ||
| Hemoglobin F under HU, % (n = 82) | 11.9 ± 9.3 | 13.4 ± 10.1 | .6 | ||
| Leukocytes (G/L) | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | .9 | ||
| Platelets (G/L) | 226 ± 96 | 316 ± 130 | .003 | .02 | 0.99(0.986-0.998) |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | .12 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 84 (53-127) | 63 (52-88) | .9 | ||
| GFR (CKD-EPI, mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 94 (82-119) | 103 (86-119) | .6 | ||
| ASAT (IU/L) | 43 (34-59) | 45 (33-60) | .9 | ||
| ALAT (IU/L) | 23 (21-33) | 23 (18-37) | .8 | ||
| LDH (IU/L) | 433 (357-598) | 490 (367-600) | .8 | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 32 (22-33) | 29 (18-37) | .6 | ||
| Free bilirubin (μmol/L) | 25 (14-39) | 20 (18-46) | .8 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP (ng/L) | 387 (85-626) | 142 (70-284) | .14 | ||
| Nt Pro-BNP ≥ 160 ng/L, n (%) | 15 (68) | 34 (44) | .047 | .08 | |
| Troponin T (Hs) (ng/L) | 7 (4-9) | 5 (3-10) | .9 | ||
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| LV function and remodeling | |||||
| LVEF in Simpson Biplane (%) | 56 ± 6.3 | 58.1 ± 5.6 | .13 | ||
| GLS (%) | −16.0 ± 1.9 | −18.3 ± 2.7 | <.001 | .02 | 1.4(1.02-1.9) |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | .8 | ||
| Indexed LV volume (mL/m2) | 94.7 ± 29.3 | 79.5 ± 19.3 | .01 | .5 | |
| Indexed LV mass (g/m2) | 128.4 ± 51.7 | 105.1 ± 31.3 | .02 | .8 | |
| Diastolic function | |||||
| E (cm/s) | 92 ± 23 | 85 ± 19 | .16 | ||
| EDT (ms) | 181 ± 36 | 195 ± 49 | .2 | ||
| A (cm/s) | 60 ± 20 | 64 ± 19 | .4 | ||
| E/A | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | .03 | .07 | |
| E' lateral (cm/s) | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 12.8 ± 3.7 | .8 | ||
| E/E' lateral | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | .3 | ||
| Indexed LA volume (mL/m2) | 60.3 ±25.9 | 56.4 ± 17.7 | .4 | ||
| RV function and right pressures | |||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 24 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | .2 | ||
| S-wave (cm/s) | 14.7 ± 2.6 | 14.2 ± 1.8 | .4 | ||
| TRV (m/s) | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | .2 | ||
| TRV ≥ 3 m/s | 5 (23) | 13 (17) | .6 | ||
| Pulmonary acceleration time (ms) | 130 ± 33 | 134 ± 31 | .6 | ||
| Indexed tricuspid ring diameter (mm/m2) | 20.3 ± 2.5 | 19.1 ± 3.4 | .2 | ||
| RV end-diastolic area (cm2) | 22.2 ± 6.5 | 20.6 ±4.6 | .2 | ||
| Telesystolic area of the right atrium (cm2) | 21.5 ± 6.2 | 19.7 ± 5.1 | .2 | ||
| Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 35 ± 9.8 | 32 ± 8.2 | .12 | ||
| Right atrium pressure (mmHg) | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 4.3 ± 2.3 | .3 | ||
| Rhythmological characteristics | |||||
| Corrected QT on surface ECG (ms) | 412 ± 29 | 418 ± 26 | .4 | ||
| Corrected QT > 440 ms, n (%) | 3 (14) | 13 (17) | .7 | ||
| PR duration (ms) | 164 ± 22 | 168 ± 24 | .5 | ||
| QRS complex (ms) | 93 ± 18 | 91 ± 15 | .5 | ||
| LVH criteria, n (%) | 6 (27) | 13 (17) | .2 | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71 ± 14 | 72 ± 12 | .8 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic treatment, n (%) | 8 (36) | 30 (34) | 0.8 | ||
| Beta-blockers | 8 (36) | 28 (32) | 0.9 | ||
| Cordarone | 0 | 1 | — | ||
| Flecaine | 0 | 1 | — | ||
| 24h-Holter results | |||||
| Atrial data | |||||
| Total PACs | 103 (19-542) | 31.5 (5-174) | .9 | ||
| Walking test data (n = 78) | |||||
| Test performed, n (%) | 18 (82) | 60 (68) | — | ||
| Walking distance (m) | 515 (415-560) | 475 (415-555) | .9 | ||
| Percentage of predicted distance (%) | 79 (66-84) | 77 (68-89) | .9 | ||
| Baseline saturation | 95 (93-97) | 95 (93-97) | .7 | ||
| Average saturation | 89 (84-92) | 91 (87-95) | .3 | ||
| Minimum saturation | 82 (69-87) | 86 (80-91) | .004 | ||
| Percentage of time spent <88% (%) | 23 (2-57) | 2 (0-58) | .09 |
Univariate analyses used the analysis of variance test for quantitative variables and the χ2 test for qualitative variables. A significance level P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression on univariate significant values (in bold): they appear in red when statistically significant (P < .05) and the OR is then indicated with the 95% CI. Values in boldface denote significant P values in univariate analysis.
GFR < 90 mL/min per 1.73m2 according to CKD-EPI.