Definitions for acute pain and ACS in pregnancy
| Reference . | Type of study . | Definition of acute pain in pregnancy . | Definition of ACS in pregnancy . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Vodouhe et al18 2022 (Benin) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Swarray-Deen et al12 2022 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Olugbenga19 2022 (Southwest Nigeria) | Prospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Dangbemey et al20 2020 (Cotonou, Benin) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Tsiba et al21 2020 (Congo) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Modi et al22 2020 (India) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Zamane et al23 2019 (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) | Retrospective cross-sectional | Not defined | Not defined |
| Patel et al24 2019 (eastern India) | Retrospective descriptive | Not defined | Not defined |
| Babah et al25 2019 (Lagos, Nigeria) | Prospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al5 2019 Oppong et al9 2018 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective case control | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. During the postpartum period, “if the patient was able to judge whether the pain was of the type usually associated with crisis and reported such pain, this was considered appropriate evidence of an acute pain episode.” | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0 °C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Diallo et al26 2019 (Dakar, Senegal) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Nwafor et al27 2019 (Abakaliki, Nigeria) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al4 2018 (Accra, Ghana) | Retrospective and prospective cohort | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0 °C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Faye et al28 2018 (Senegal) | Prospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Gaddikeri et al29 2017 (India) | Hospital-based prospective (case control) | Not defined | Not defined |
| Desai et al30 2017 (India) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al8 2017 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective cohort | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0°C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Studies conducted in upper-middle-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Sousa et al31 2020 (Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Silva et al32 2018 (Brazil) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Studies conducted in high-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Della-Moretta et al33 2021 (Ohio, US) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Cardoso et al34 2019 (UK) | Retrospective descriptive | A vaso-occlusive event was defined as any sickle-related pain, which may range from mild to severe. | ACS was defined as pulmonary symptoms and signs associated with a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray. |
| Haseeb et al35 2019 (Saudi Arabia) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Vianello et al36 2018 (Italy) | Retrospective cross-sectional | Not defined | Not defined |
| Ribeil et al37 2018 (France) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Sharif et al38 2018 (UK) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Chang et al39 2018 (US) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Koumoutsea et al40 2018 (London, UK) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Reference . | Type of study . | Definition of acute pain in pregnancy . | Definition of ACS in pregnancy . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Vodouhe et al18 2022 (Benin) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Swarray-Deen et al12 2022 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Olugbenga19 2022 (Southwest Nigeria) | Prospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Dangbemey et al20 2020 (Cotonou, Benin) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Tsiba et al21 2020 (Congo) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Modi et al22 2020 (India) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Zamane et al23 2019 (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) | Retrospective cross-sectional | Not defined | Not defined |
| Patel et al24 2019 (eastern India) | Retrospective descriptive | Not defined | Not defined |
| Babah et al25 2019 (Lagos, Nigeria) | Prospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al5 2019 Oppong et al9 2018 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective case control | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. During the postpartum period, “if the patient was able to judge whether the pain was of the type usually associated with crisis and reported such pain, this was considered appropriate evidence of an acute pain episode.” | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0 °C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Diallo et al26 2019 (Dakar, Senegal) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Nwafor et al27 2019 (Abakaliki, Nigeria) | Retrospective case control | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al4 2018 (Accra, Ghana) | Retrospective and prospective cohort | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0 °C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Faye et al28 2018 (Senegal) | Prospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Gaddikeri et al29 2017 (India) | Hospital-based prospective (case control) | Not defined | Not defined |
| Desai et al30 2017 (India) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Asare et al8 2017 (Accra, Ghana) | Prospective cohort | Acute vaso-occlusive pain was distinguished from labor pain based on the absence of uterine contractions, evidence of labor progression, and delivery. It should also require treatment with parenteral or oral opioids. | ACS was defined as abnormal findings on lung examination and the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: temperature greater than 38.0°C, increased respiratory rate greater than the 90th percentile for age, positive chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (saturation of peripheral oxygen drop by ≥3% from a documented steady-state value on room air), and a new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram. A diagnosis of pneumonia was considered an ACS episode. |
| Studies conducted in upper-middle-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Sousa et al31 2020 (Sao Paulo, Brazil) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Silva et al32 2018 (Brazil) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Studies conducted in high-income countries in descending order by year of publication | |||
| Della-Moretta et al33 2021 (Ohio, US) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Cardoso et al34 2019 (UK) | Retrospective descriptive | A vaso-occlusive event was defined as any sickle-related pain, which may range from mild to severe. | ACS was defined as pulmonary symptoms and signs associated with a new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray. |
| Haseeb et al35 2019 (Saudi Arabia) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |
| Vianello et al36 2018 (Italy) | Retrospective cross-sectional | Not defined | Not defined |
| Ribeil et al37 2018 (France) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Sharif et al38 2018 (UK) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Chang et al39 2018 (US) | Retrospective cohort | Not defined | Not defined |
| Koumoutsea et al40 2018 (London, UK) | Retrospective | Not defined | Not defined |