Table 2.

Differences between ischemic and nonischemic priapism

CharacteristicIschemicNonischemic
Pain A common feature Not a common feature 
Erection hardness Rigid with the soft glans penis Not rigid 
Trauma No associated history of penile trauma Trauma or penile surgical procedure is a common feature 
Medical conditions and drugs Commonly associated with SCD, other hematologic disorders, snake and scorpion venoms, alcohol, recreational drugs, or medications Not associated with any medical condition, except as a complication of penile surgical interventions 
Pattern Recurrent Not recurrent 
Blood aspirate color Dark Bright red 
Blood gas analysis PO2 <30  mm Hg, PCO2 >60  mm Hg, pH <7.25 PO2 >90  mm Hg, PCO2 <40  mm Hg, pH 7.4 
Ultrasound color Doppler scan Low arterial flow
Fibrosis can be identified 
High arterial flow
No fibrosis 
Acute treatment strategies Supportive care, corporal aspiration, and surgical shunt Conservative management, arterial embolization, and surgical ligation 
Secondary prevention Needed in recurrent events Not required 
Penile implantation May be required when associated with erectile dysfunction Unlikely to be required. 
CharacteristicIschemicNonischemic
Pain A common feature Not a common feature 
Erection hardness Rigid with the soft glans penis Not rigid 
Trauma No associated history of penile trauma Trauma or penile surgical procedure is a common feature 
Medical conditions and drugs Commonly associated with SCD, other hematologic disorders, snake and scorpion venoms, alcohol, recreational drugs, or medications Not associated with any medical condition, except as a complication of penile surgical interventions 
Pattern Recurrent Not recurrent 
Blood aspirate color Dark Bright red 
Blood gas analysis PO2 <30  mm Hg, PCO2 >60  mm Hg, pH <7.25 PO2 >90  mm Hg, PCO2 <40  mm Hg, pH 7.4 
Ultrasound color Doppler scan Low arterial flow
Fibrosis can be identified 
High arterial flow
No fibrosis 
Acute treatment strategies Supportive care, corporal aspiration, and surgical shunt Conservative management, arterial embolization, and surgical ligation 
Secondary prevention Needed in recurrent events Not required 
Penile implantation May be required when associated with erectile dysfunction Unlikely to be required. 

PCO2, partial pressure of carbon-dioxide; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen.

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