Table 1.

Key platelet abnormalities linked to neurodegenerative conditions

ConditionKey platelet abnormalitiesSpecies/modelReferences
AD Increased platelet activation Human 134  
 Impaired platelet degranulation Human 135  
 Platelet hyperactivity APP23 mice 96  
 Increased platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix components 3xTg-AD mice 95  
 Increased platelet invasion into brain parenchyma APP/PS1 mice 72  
 Platelet inclusions in cerebral blood vessels APP_SweDI mice 136  
 Decreased platelet mitochondrial respiration rate Human 137  
 Platelet mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase deficiency Human 138  
 Reduced platelet mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase & respiratory complex IV Human 139  
 Increased platelet β-secretase activity Human 140  
 Increased activity of τ Human 104,106,141 
 Increased secretion of amyloid β Human 93  
 Altered ratio of APP isoforms Human 103  
 Increased glycogen synthase kinase 3-β Human 142  
 Reduced glutamate uptake Human 143  
PD Increased mean platelet volume Human 144  
 Decreased platelet glutamate uptake Human 145  
 Reduction in platelet vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNA Human 146  
 Platelet mitochondrial dysfunction Human 147,148 
 Increased platelet monoamine oxidase B MPTP mouse model 149  
HD Increased platelet mHtt protein levels Human 150  
 Increased platelet aspartate and glycine levels Human 151  
 Impaired platelet adenosine A receptor signaling Human 152  
 Impaired platelet nitric oxide metabolism Human 153  
 Elevated platelet mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity Human 141  
ALS Altered platelet mitochondrial membrane potential Human 154  
 Altered platelet mitochondrial morphology Human 155  
 Increased platelet TDP-43 levels Human 156  
 Reduced complex IV activity in platelet mitochondria Human 157  
 Decreased platelet serotonin levels Human 158  
 Increased glutamate synthase resulting in decreased glutamate uptake Human 159  
 Increased thrombospondin Human 160  
MS Increased platelet activation Human 161  
 Increased platelet adhesiveness Human 162  
 Increased PMP release Human 163  
 Altered serotonin release from dense granules Human/EAE mice 164  
 Altered lipid composition of platelet membranes (decreased cholesterol linoleate) Human 165  
ConditionKey platelet abnormalitiesSpecies/modelReferences
AD Increased platelet activation Human 134  
 Impaired platelet degranulation Human 135  
 Platelet hyperactivity APP23 mice 96  
 Increased platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix components 3xTg-AD mice 95  
 Increased platelet invasion into brain parenchyma APP/PS1 mice 72  
 Platelet inclusions in cerebral blood vessels APP_SweDI mice 136  
 Decreased platelet mitochondrial respiration rate Human 137  
 Platelet mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase deficiency Human 138  
 Reduced platelet mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase & respiratory complex IV Human 139  
 Increased platelet β-secretase activity Human 140  
 Increased activity of τ Human 104,106,141 
 Increased secretion of amyloid β Human 93  
 Altered ratio of APP isoforms Human 103  
 Increased glycogen synthase kinase 3-β Human 142  
 Reduced glutamate uptake Human 143  
PD Increased mean platelet volume Human 144  
 Decreased platelet glutamate uptake Human 145  
 Reduction in platelet vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNA Human 146  
 Platelet mitochondrial dysfunction Human 147,148 
 Increased platelet monoamine oxidase B MPTP mouse model 149  
HD Increased platelet mHtt protein levels Human 150  
 Increased platelet aspartate and glycine levels Human 151  
 Impaired platelet adenosine A receptor signaling Human 152  
 Impaired platelet nitric oxide metabolism Human 153  
 Elevated platelet mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity Human 141  
ALS Altered platelet mitochondrial membrane potential Human 154  
 Altered platelet mitochondrial morphology Human 155  
 Increased platelet TDP-43 levels Human 156  
 Reduced complex IV activity in platelet mitochondria Human 157  
 Decreased platelet serotonin levels Human 158  
 Increased glutamate synthase resulting in decreased glutamate uptake Human 159  
 Increased thrombospondin Human 160  
MS Increased platelet activation Human 161  
 Increased platelet adhesiveness Human 162  
 Increased PMP release Human 163  
 Altered serotonin release from dense granules Human/EAE mice 164  
 Altered lipid composition of platelet membranes (decreased cholesterol linoleate) Human 165  

EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; mHtt, mutant huntingtin protein; PMP, platelet microparticle; TDP-43, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa.

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