Table 1. Etiology and incidence of... | American Society of Hematology

Table 1.

Etiology and incidence of cancers among PLWH

Etiologic virus	Cancer type	Role of immunosuppression	Other risk factors	SIR in the United States^3,4	Comment
KSHV	Kaposi sarcoma	+++	Men who have sex with men	498	Very common in parts of sub-Saharan Africa
EBV	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma^*	++ to ++++	HBV, HCV	12
EBV	Hodgkin lymphoma	++	Male sex	7.7	Mixed cellularity is most common subtype
HPV	Anal cancer	+	Tobacco, anal warts	19	Incidence increasing
	Cervical cancer	+	Tobacco	3.2	Very common in resource-limited regions
	Oropharyngeal cancer	+	Tobacco, alcohol	1.6-2.2^†	Incidence increasing
	Vulvar cancer	+	Tobacco	9.4
	Penile cancer	+	Tobacco, lack of circumcision	5.3
HBV, HCV	Hepatocellular cancer	+	Alcohol, cirrhosis	3.2
MCPyV	Merkel cell carcinoma	+	Sun exposure	2.6	At least 15% of cases not associated with MCPyV
None or unknown	Lung cancer	+	Tobacco, pulmonary infections	2	Most common cancer-related cause of death
	Nonmelanoma skin cancer	+	Sun exposure, family history	2.1
	Conjunctival carcinoma	+	Sun exposure	5.5	Rare in the United States; occurs most often in sub-Saharan Africa; viral etiology suspected

Etiologic virus	Cancer type	Role of immunosuppression	Other risk factors	SIR in the United States^3,4	Comment
KSHV	Kaposi sarcoma	+++	Men who have sex with men	498	Very common in parts of sub-Saharan Africa
EBV	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma^*	++ to ++++	HBV, HCV	12
EBV	Hodgkin lymphoma	++	Male sex	7.7	Mixed cellularity is most common subtype
HPV	Anal cancer	+	Tobacco, anal warts	19	Incidence increasing
	Cervical cancer	+	Tobacco	3.2	Very common in resource-limited regions
	Oropharyngeal cancer	+	Tobacco, alcohol	1.6-2.2^†	Incidence increasing
	Vulvar cancer	+	Tobacco	9.4
	Penile cancer	+	Tobacco, lack of circumcision	5.3
HBV, HCV	Hepatocellular cancer	+	Alcohol, cirrhosis	3.2
MCPyV	Merkel cell carcinoma	+	Sun exposure	2.6	At least 15% of cases not associated with MCPyV
None or unknown	Lung cancer	+	Tobacco, pulmonary infections	2	Most common cancer-related cause of death
	Nonmelanoma skin cancer	+	Sun exposure, family history	2.1
	Conjunctival carcinoma	+	Sun exposure	5.5	Rare in the United States; occurs most often in sub-Saharan Africa; viral etiology suspected

See Figure 2.

SIR is 1.6 for HPV-related cancers and 2.2 for HPV-unrelated cancers.

SIR, standardized incidence ratio; +, low; ++, moderate; +++, significant; ++++, very significant role for immunosuppression in pathogenesis.